Bio 101 Exam 2 Flashcards by Grace Lawlor

The energy in our food is contained within
the

Chemical bonds of
biological molecules

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Exergonic reactions

Are catabolic and Release energy

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What products are produced in the light reactions or “photo” part that are required during the Calvin Cycle or “synthesis” part of photosynthesis?

ATP and NADPH

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Splits glucose into two,
3 carbon pyruvate
molecules

Glycolysis

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Generally, energy “lost” when transforming from
one form to another is lost as

Heat

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Excess energy such as carbohydrates are
stored long-term in the form of

Fat

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Why do trees turn colors for us in the fall?

Because the accessory
pigments reflect and
transmit red, orange, and
yellow

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The ultimate source of energy for most all
living organisms is

Sunlight

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What happens to glucose produced by
photosynthesis?

It can be converted into chemicals required for growth of plant cells such as cellulose
- - It is used to build more
cellular components
- It is used to fuel
cellular processes
- It is used as an
immediate source of
energy in cellular
respiration
- It is stored

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Which of the following is an example of
potential energy?

Concentrated H+ ions
trapped in the
intermembrane space
of the mitochondria

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A Body Mass Index (BMI) will likely be
overestimated in

An athlete

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When sunlight strikes chlorophyll

Green light is reflected
or transmitted
An electron gets
excited and flows down
an electron transport
chain to make ATP and
NADPH
That is the ”photo”
part of photosynthesis

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Which of the following processes yields the
most ATP during cellular respiration?

The electron transport
chain

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Enzymes catalyze and speed up chemical
reactions by

helping to lower the activation energy needed to start a reaction.

- Binding the substrate in
  an active site
Reducing activation
energy
Stressing and straining
bonds that need to be
broken or by lining up
atoms that need bonds
made between them

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Which of the following is most likely to have
the fewest calories?
A. A 6-ounce steak
B. A 12-ounce steak
C. 6-ounces of green
beans with butter
D. 6-ounces of steamed
green beans
E. 6-ounces of French
fries

6-ounces of steamed
green beans

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Fermentation occurs in cells in the absence
of

Oxygen

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Where does the oxygen required for aerobic
cellular respiration enter the body?

From the lungs when
we respire

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What by-product (waste product) of cellular
respiration is required for photosynthesis?

Carbon dioxide

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Which of these products can be produced
from algae grown in a bioreactor?

Organic fertilizer from
dead algal cells
Oil for biofuel
Carbohydrates for
ethanol production and
proteins for animal
feed

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Digestion is the process in which

Large food molecules
are broken down into
smaller components by
enzymes

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The substrate of an enzyme

Is a reactant molecule
that binds to the
enzyme’s active site

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Which of the following foods is a rich source
of healthy fats?
A. Lean meat, such as
chicken breast
B. Whole grains (e.g.
whole wheat bread)
C. Olive oil
D. Leafy greens

Olive oil

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What subunits are proteins broken down into
during digestion?

Amino acids

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Which component of the peanut butter RUTF supplies
carbohydrate energy to fuel cellular respiration?
A. Peanut butter
B. Sugar
C. Vegetable oil
D. Powdered vitamins and
minerals

Sugar

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Our bodies cannot synthesize vitamin C, but require it. Therefore, vitamin C is

An essential micronutrient

A person’s daily energy needs depends on their

- Age - Body type - Physical activity

Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched to it’s caloric content? A. Carbohydrates have 4 Calories / gram B. Proteins have 9 Calories / gram C. Fats have 9 Calories / gram

Proteins have 9 Calories / gram

ATP holds lots of energy in

The terminal phosphate bonds

A macronutrient is a nutrient that

Is required in large amounts

Which of the following are macronutrients? Proteins, fats, vitamin C

Protein and fat

A multivitamin supplement is an ---- supplement.

micronutrient

Which of the following foods is a rich source of protein? - leafy greens * lean meat, such as chicken breast * berries (e.g., blueberries and raspberries) * whole grains (e.g., whole wheat bread) - olive oil

lean meat, such as chicken breast

A typical multivitamin supplement contains vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B6 biotin, calcium ton, magnesium, inc, solenium, copper manganese, and chromium) Which of the following describe the ingredients of the supplement? * micronutrient * vitamin * mineral - found in a well-balanced diet

All of the above

What subunits are proteins broken down into during digestion?

amino acids

Where (or how) do we obtain essential amino acids?

from protein in our diet

Why must essential amino acids be consumed in our diet?

Our body cannot manufacture them from other amino acids.

* Use the following information to answer this question: Corn lacks the essential amino acids isoleucine and lysine. Beans lack the essential amino acids tryptophan and methionine. Soy contains all the essential amino acids. You can survive on a diet with corn-based proteins alone. * False * True

False

Our bodies cannot synthesize vitamin C, but require it. Therefore, vitamin C is a(an)

* essential micronutrient

To repair a typical cell membrane, which macronutrients) would supply the needed building blocks?

fats and proteins

Use the following information to answer this question: Corn lacks the essential amino acids isoleucine and lysine. Beans lack the essential amino acids tryptophan and methionine. Soy contains all the essential amino acids. Why do many traditional diets combine corn (e.g., tortillas) with beans?

to provide all the essential amino acids

The substrate of an enzyme is

What the enzyme acts on

Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by

decreasing the activation energy

A --- reaction creates bonds between substrate units: a --- reaction breaks down bonds between substate units

anabolic; catabolic

Which of the following are signs of malnutrition?

* wasting muscle and small arms * fluid buildup in the legs and feet * slowed growth and development * weakened immune system

What ingredients in RUTF peanut paste specifically help bone growth?

calcium and vitamin D

The consumption of trans fats may increase the risk of developing what disease?

atherosclerosis ## Footnote the buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the artery walls. This buildup is called plaque. The plaque can cause arteries to narrow, blocking blood flow.

Consuming insufficient amounts of the water-soluble vitamin C can lead to

scurvy

Certain nutrients that are important for a healthy and balanced diet are considered essential nutrients. Which of the statements describes essential nutrients for the human body? - nutrients that the body cannot synthesize or does not produce in sufficient quantities * nutrients that must be consumed because they cannot be stored in the body * something that must be consumed to give the body sufficient energy * nutrients synthesized by the body, which are used to build lipids

nutrients that the body cannot synthesize or does not produce in sufficient quantities

Algae, cyanobacteria and plants are...

photosynthetic organisms

Why do many species of algae appear green?

The chlorophyll pigment they contain is green.

The energy of sunlight exists in the form of

photons

The energy in a cereal bar is ---- energy. The energy of a cyclist pedaling is --- energy.

Chemical; Kinetic

Kinetic energy is best described as

the energy of movement

Each time energy is converted from one form to another, a percentage of that energy is lost as ---- or fails to be converted.

Heat

The fuel used to run our cars contains ---- energy.

* potential

Why are photons critical to the process of photosynthesis?

Photons are needed to excite the electrons of the pigment atoms in chlorophyll.

Where do the carbon atoms in glucose come from?

molecules in air

When considering which biofuel is the most sustainable, which of the following must be considered?

- water use - energy use - fertilizer and pesticide use

Why are energy-rich lipids from algae more useful as a fuel than energy-rich sugars and other carbohydrates produced by photosynthetic organisms such as corn and wheat?

- The sugars contain less chemical energy than the lipids. - The sugars require an additional fermentation step to produce usable chemical energy. - The lipids can be used directly as fuel.

What is driving our search for alternative fuel sources?

- Legislation that requires a certain production of biofuels in the next 10 years. - The dwindling fossil fuel resources. - Global warming from carbon dioxide emissions.

The ultimate source of energy for most living organisms is

sunlight.

The principle that energy is neither created nor destroyed, but can change form, is referred to as the principle of

conservation of energy.

In a comparison of two different light bulbs, how could you infer which one was more efficient in terms of energy conversion?

compare bulb temperature

"Heat" is best described as

kinetic energy associated with random particle motion.

The O, released during photosynthesis comes from splitting

water.

The color of an obiect we see is the color that it

reflects.

What two factors determine the BMI for an individual?

weight and height

If a person wants to lose weight, which of the following are viable strategies? * a. Substituting plain water for regular soda * b. Eating the same number of calories, but eating them all as fruit and veggies instead of burgers and fries * c. Adding more fruits and veggies on top of the current diet * d. Exercising more

- Substituting plain water for regular soda and Exercising more

If the French eat meals with a higher fat content, why don't the French weigh more on average than Americans?

The French eat smaller portions.

A Body Mass Index will likely be overestimated in

an athlete.

Which type of organic molecule stores the most energy per gram?

fats (triglycerides)

Once excess calories are stored as triglycerides, it is more difficult to release this energy because

the body prefers to use food in the bloodstream and stored glycogen first

Once excess calories are stored as triglycerides, it is more difficult to release this energy because

the body prefers to use food in the bloodstream and stored glycogen first

Excess energy can be stored for short periods of time in the muscle and liver tissue as ---- and for long periods of time as ---- in fat cells.

* glycogen; triglycerides

A moderately active 21-year-old female has a choice of eating a 2500-Calorie meal that is primarily protein or a 2500-calorie meal that is primarily sugar.

In either case, once her glycogen stores are replenished, she will store the excess calories as fat.

In the presence of oxygen, we use ---- to fuel ATP production from glucose.

* aerobic respiration; aerobic respiration

If you ingest carbon in the form of sugar, how is that carbon released from your body?

as CO2

The purpose of aerobic respiration is to ----- which is used to -------

create energy-rich **ATP** molecules; power **cellular functions** of the cell

Compared to aerobic respiration, fermentation produces --- ATP

much less

Where in the cell does fermentation take place?

cytoplasm

Fermentation in animals produces ---- whereas fermentation in brewer's yeast produces ----

* lactic acid; alcohol

If you exercise for an extended period of time, you will use energy first from ---- then from

* glycogen; fats

Humans evolved an adaptation to store fat in response to

famine.

Glycogen for short-term energy storage is found in

liver and muscle cells.

The inputs for aerobic respiration are

glucose and oxygen.

Bio 101 Exam 2 Flashcards

(85 cards)