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BIO 103 Exam 2 > BIO 103 EXAM 2 > Flashcards

BIO 103 EXAM 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Building and breaking down of complex molecules. Chemical reactions in cell. Either consume or generate energy.

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2
Q

What are the types of metabolic pathways, with equations?

A

Anabolic (small molecules built into large ones)
- Photosynthesis
- 6CO2+6H2O+energy–> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Catabolic
- Respiration
- C6H12O6+ 6O2–> 6H2O + 6CO2 + Energy

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3
Q

What are Enzymes? Their role in metabolic reactions?

A

Enzymes are catalysts, (molecules that speed up biochemical reactions)
They bind to substrate, make the bond breaking and forming process easier.

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4
Q

What is the process by which a competitive enzyme inhibitor works?

A

An inhibitor molecule with a similar shape to the substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme, prohibits the reactants from binding, no reaction occurs.

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5
Q

What is the process by which a non-competitive inhibitor works?

A

Inhibiting molecule binds to enzyme at other location. Changes shape of enzyme, shape of active site is changed. Reaction does not occur.

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6
Q

What is ATP? What is its role?

A
  • Energy currency for cells
    -Used in biological activity. ATP converted to ADP.
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7
Q

What metabolic process results in the production of ATP?

A

Aerobic respiration

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8
Q

What are Autotrophs?

A

An organism that uses energy (light or chemical) to convert inorganic C to glucose.

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9
Q

What are Heterotrophs?

A

Obtain organic carbon and nutrients by consuming other organisms.

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10
Q

Glycolysis. Why, where, and under what conditions?

A
  • Glucose is broken down to pyruvate
  • In cytoplasm
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11
Q

Citric Acid Cycle. Why, where, and under what conditions?

A
  • Production of NADH and FADH2
  • In Mitochondria
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12
Q

Fermentation. Why, where, and under what conditions?

A
  • metabolism of pyruvate in the absence of oxygen
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13
Q

Light Cycle of Photosynthesis. Why, where, and under what conditions?

A
  • Produces ATP and NAPH
  • In thylakoid membranes
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14
Q

Calvin Cycle of Photosynthesis. Why, where, and under what conditions?

A
  • 3-C molecule converted to glucose
  • stroma of chloroplast
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15
Q

What kind of adaptations might plants use to exploit the variation in light availability in different environments?

A
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16
Q

Similarities and differences between DNA and RNA? Where are they found in eukaryotic cell?

A
  • DNA, deoxyribose, base pair, Double-stranded sugar phosphate, THYMINE
  • RNA, Ribose, single nucleobase, Single-stranded sugar phosphate, URACIL
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17
Q

Describe the structure of the DNA?

A

Double stranded sugar phosphate, has base pairs,

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18
Q

What are the steps in Gene expression/ Central Dogma? Main feature of each step.

A

REPLICATION
- DNA replicates
TRANSCRIPTION
- RNA Polymerase “writes down” the genetic recipe from the DNA onto the RNA
Messenger RNA carries the message from the DNA to the ribosome
TRANSLATION
- occurs in cytoplasm
Ribosome reads mRNA
tRNAs enter the ribosome and produces a protein

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19
Q

Where in the cell do the different steps of the central dogma occur?

A

Replication
- occurs in nucleus
Transcription
- Occurs in nucleus
Translation
- occurs in cytoplasm outside the nucleus

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20
Q

What is the role of mRNA in the Central Dogma?

A

Messenger RNA that carries the message from the DNA to the ribosome

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21
Q

What is the role of ribosomes in the Central Dogma?

A

Ribosomes read the mRNA

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22
Q

What is the difference between codons and anti-codons? Where is each one found?

A

CODON (START AND STOP)
- Sequence of 3 nucleotides that code for a specific amino acid
- Found on mRNA
ANTICODON
- Found on tRNA which pair with the mRNA codon to make the start/stop not work

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23
Q

What is the purpose of mitosis? Where does it occur?

A
  • Replication of cells
  • ONLY IN EUKARYOTES
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24
Q

What is the purpose of meiosis? Where does it occur?

A
  • type of nuclear division that leads to a halving of chromosome #, production of gametes
  • Takes place only in germline cells
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25
Q

What is the ploidy level of somatic cells in eukaryotes?

A

2n = 46

26
Q

What is the ploidy level in sex cells in eukaryotes?

A

n = 23

27
Q

Where in the body are the haploid and diploid cells located?

A

Haploid - In egg and sperm cells
Diploid - In all somatic cells

28
Q

What is the notation for haploid cell?

A

n = 23

29
Q

What is the notation for diploid cell?

A

2n = 46

30
Q

What does 2n=10 mean?

A

2 daughter cells that are produced after mitosis will contain ten chromosomes

31
Q

What does n=5 represent?

A

A haploid cell has 5 chromosomes

32
Q

Describe the life cycle of a sexually reproducing diploid organism using a figure. What stages are haploid v. diploid?

A
33
Q

What are homologous chromosomes? What cells are they found in?

A
  • Different versions of each type of chromosome (different alleles of same gene)
34
Q

What are sister chromatids? How many DNA molecules are they made of?

A
  • Two replicated DNA molecules
    connected to each other at the centromere
    Contains 2 DNA molecules
35
Q

How do chromosomes look after interphase during mitosis?

A

2 Replicated chromosomes

36
Q

How do chromosomes look after interphase during meiosis 1?

A

2 sister chromatids

37
Q

What do chromosomes look like in the cell that has undergone meiosis 2?

A

Haploid cells with non-duplicated chromosomes

38
Q

How do errors during meiosis affect chromosome number?

A

Down syndrome results from an extra copy of chromosome 21
Edwards syndrome- extra copy of chromosome 18
Patau syndrome - extra copy of chromosome 13

39
Q

What is a cancer? What are some important features that lead to cancer?

A

Disease caused by uncontrolled cell division
- Toxic chemicals
- UV light exposure
- Smoking

40
Q

How does a gene relate to a chromosome?

A

Genes are segments of DNA found on a chromosome that determines the inheritance of traits

41
Q

What are gene loci?

A

Position of a gene on a chromosome

42
Q

What are alleles?

A

Slightly different versions of a gene

43
Q

What is the difference between a gene and an allele?

A

Genes are DNA sections that code for specific proteins
Alleles are variations of genes that lead to diverse traits

44
Q

What is genotype?

A

Particular set of alleles for a gene

45
Q

What is phenotype?

A

The Detectable Traits of an individual

46
Q

How do genes and traits relate to each other?

A

Genes carry the information that determines your traits

47
Q

Can multiple genes be responsible for a trait?

A

Yes?

48
Q

What are homozygous alleles?

A

Both alleles are the same version of the gene

49
Q

What are heterozygous alleles?

A

The 2 alleles are different versions of the gene

50
Q

What is a monohybrid(single-trait) cross?

A

A cross between two parents having a pair of contrasting alleles of a single character

51
Q

What are the genotypic and phenotypic ratios?

A

Genotypic ratios
- YY, Yy, yy percentage
Phenotypic ratios
- Yellow color
green color

52
Q

Use a Punnett square to figure out genotypic and phenotypic ratio in Homozygous parents? (RR x rr)

A
53
Q

Use a Punnett square to figure out genotypic and phenotypic ration in heterozygous parents? (Rr x Rr)

A
54
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryota

55
Q

Which domains contain prokaryotic organisms?

A

Archaea

56
Q

Which domains contain eukaryotic organisms?

A

Eukaryota

57
Q

What is the evolutionary relationship between the 3 domains of life? How was it figured out?

A

Physical traits, molecular data, ribosomal RNA
Archaea more closely related to Eukarya

58
Q

How do bacteria obtain glucose for cellular functioning?

A

Some are heterotrophs, some are autotrophs

59
Q

How do archaea obtain glucose for cellular functioning?

A

Some heterotrophs, some autotrophs

60
Q

What are the four kingdoms within Domain Eukarya?

A
  • Protists
  • Fungi
  • Plants
  • Animals
61
Q
A

BIO 103 Exam 2 (1 decks)

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