bio 111 unit 1

Question 1

What is the fundamental requirement for life according to Cell Theory?

Answer 1

Cells must replicate for life to exist.

All cells in multicellular organisms descend from preexisting cells.

All cells connected by common lineage.

Question 2

From where do all cells in multicellular organisms descend?

Answer 2

Preexisting cells.

Question 3

How many chromosomes are found in humans?

Answer 3

46 chromosomes total, arranged in 23 pairs.

Question 4

What do anabolic pathways do?

Answer 4

Build larger molecules from smaller ones.

Question 5

What type of reaction is involved in anabolic pathways?

Answer 5

Condensation (dehydration synthesis).

Question 6

What is the mnemonic for remembering anabolic pathways?

Answer 6

Anabolic = Add & Assemble.

Question 7

What do catabolic pathways do?

Answer 7

Break large molecules into smaller subunits.

Question 8

What type of reaction do catabolic pathways use?

Answer 8

Hydrolysis.

Question 9

What is the mnemonic for remembering catabolic pathways?

Answer 9

Catabolic = Cut & Crush.

Question 10

List the four fundamentals of life.

Answer 10

• Cells
• Replication
• Information
• Energy

Question 11

What does phylogeny refer to?

Answer 11

Actual genealogical relationship among all organisms.

Question 12

What is a phylogenetic tree?

Answer 12

A diagram showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species.

Question 13

What are the major domains of life?

Answer 13

• Bacteria
• Archaea
• Eukarya

Question 14

What is a phylum?

Answer 14

Major lineage within a domain.

Question 15

Define genus.

Answer 15

Group of closely related species.

Question 16

What is the basic unit of classification?

Answer 16

Species.

Question 17

Which atoms make up 99% of the human body?

Answer 17

• Carbon (C)
• Hydrogen (H)
• Nitrogen (N)
• Oxygen (O)
• Phosphorus (P)
• Sulfur (S)

Question 18

What type of bond involves equal sharing of electrons?

Answer 18

Nonpolar covalent.

Question 19

What is an ionic bond?

Answer 19

Transfer of electrons.

Question 20

Which element is the most electronegative?

Answer 20

Fluorine (F).

but for this exam always think oxygen

Question 21

What happens to an atom that loses an electron?

Answer 21

It becomes positively charged (cation).

Question 22

What happens to an atom that gains an electron?

Answer 22

It becomes negatively charged (anion).

Question 23

What type of bonds are found in water molecules?

Answer 23

Polar covalent

Question 24

What is cohesion?

Answer 24

Attraction between like molecules.

Question 25

What is adhesion?

Answer 25

Attraction between unlike molecules.

Question 26

What causes surface tension in liquids?

Answer 26

Cohesion of water molecules.

Question 27

Why is water’s specific heat high?

Answer 27

Because of hydrogen bonds. These hydrogen bonds require a lot of energy to break before the water molecules can increase in temperature. So, water absorbs and stores a lot of heat energy without changing temperature quickly. (hydrogem bonds are tightttt)

Question 28

What is an acid?

Answer 28

Substance that donates protons (H⁺) during reactions.

Question 29

What pH value indicates a base?

Answer 29

pH > 7.

Question 30

What is the function of a buffer?

Answer 30

Minimizes pH changes to maintain homeostasis.

Question 31

What is an endothermic reaction?

Answer 31

Absorbs thermal energy.

Question 32

What is an exothermic reaction?

Answer 32

Releases thermal energy.

Question 33

What does the First Law of Thermodynamics state?

Answer 33

Energy is conserved, cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed or transferred.

Question 34

What characterizes spontaneous chemical reactions?

Answer 34

Occur without added energy.

Question 35

What did the Uler Miller experiment demonstrate?

Answer 35

Organic molecules can form spontaneously from simple gases under early Earth conditions.

Question 36

What functional group in amino acids acts as a base?

Answer 36

Amino group (-NH₂).

Question 37

What functional group in amino acids acts as an acid?

Answer 37

Carboxyl group (-COOH).

Question 38

What does a peptide bond connect?

Answer 38

Amino group of one amino acid and carboxyl group of another.

Question 39

List the levels of protein structure.

Answer 39

* Primary: sequence of amino acids * Secondary: α-helix and β-sheet * Tertiary: 3D folding * Quaternary: interaction between polypeptide chains

Question 40

What are molecular chaperones?

Answer 40

Proteins that assist folding of other proteins.

Question 41

What are pyrimidines?

Answer 41

* Cytosine (C) * Uracil (U, RNA only) * Thymine (T, DNA only)

Question 42

What are purines?

Answer 42

* Adenine (A) * Guanine (G)

Question 43

How are nucleotides polymerized into nucleic acids?

Answer 43

By condensation reaction forming phosphodiester bonds.

Question 44

What is the directionality of a DNA strand?

Answer 44

5' phosphate end to 3' hydroxyl end.

Question 45

How is energy released from ATP?

Answer 45

Breaking last phosphate releases energy.

Question 46

What is the primary structure of DNA?

Answer 46

Nucleotide sequence.

Question 47

What is the secondary structure of DNA?

Answer 47

Double helix with complementary base pairing (A-T, C-G).

Question 48

What is the tertiary structure of DNA?

Answer 48

DNA wrapped around histones forming chromatin.

Question 49

What are histones?

Answer 49

Proteins that DNA wraps around for packaging in the nucleus.

Question 50

What are the components of triglycerides?

Answer 50

Glycerol + 3 fatty acids ## Footnote Triglycerides are a type of fat.

Question 51

What characterizes saturated fats?

Answer 51

No double bonds, solid at room temp

Question 52

What characterizes unsaturated fats?

Answer 52

Double bonds, liquid at room temp

Question 53

What are the components of phospholipids?

Answer 53

Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate

Question 54

What is the hydrophilic part of a phospholipid?

Answer 54

Head

Question 55

What is the hydrophobic part of a phospholipid?

Answer 55

Tail

Question 56

What structure do phospholipids form in water?

Answer 56

Bilayer

Question 57

What are steroids composed of?

Answer 57

4 fused rings (e.g., cholesterol, hormones)

Question 58

What is the basic definition of carbohydrates?

Answer 58

Organic molecules made of C, H, and O, usually in a 1:2:1 ratio

Question 59

What are simple sugars called?

Answer 59

Monosaccharides

Question 60

What is the molecular formula for glucose?

Answer 60

~C₆H₁₂O₆

Question 61

What are disaccharides?

Answer 61

Two monosaccharides joined via dehydration synthesis

Question 62

What is the bond formed when two monosaccharides join?

Answer 62

Glycosidic linkage

Question 63

What are the components of sucrose?

Answer 63

Glucose + fructose

Question 64

What are the components of lactose?

Answer 64

Glucose + galactose

Question 65

What are the components of maltose?

Answer 65

Glucose + glucose

Question 66

What is starch made of?

Answer 66

Glucose

Question 67

What is the function of starch?

Answer 67

Energy storage

Question 68

Where is starch found?

Answer 68

Plants

Question 69

What is glycogen made of?

Answer 69

Glucose

Question 70

What is the function of glycogen?

Answer 70

Energy storage

Question 71

Where is glycogen found?

Answer 71

Animals (liver, muscle)

Question 72

What is cellulose made of?

Answer 72

Glucose

Question 73

What is the function of cellulose?

Answer 73

Structural (cell walls)

Question 74

Where is cellulose found?

Answer 74

Plants

Question 75

What is chitin made of?

Answer 75

Modified glucose

Question 76

What is the function of chitin?

Answer 76

Structural (fungi walls, exoskeletons)

Question 77

Where is chitin found?

Answer 77

Fungi, insects

Question 78

What is dehydration synthesis?

Answer 78

Joins sugars (removes H₂O)

Question 79

What is hydrolysis?

Answer 79

Breaks sugars apart (adds H₂O)

Question 80

What is one function of carbohydrates?

Answer 80

Quick energy (glucose → ATP)

Question 81

What is another function of carbohydrates?

Answer 81

Energy storage (starch, glycogen)

Question 82

What is a third function of carbohydrates?

Answer 82

Structure (cellulose, chitin)

Question 83

What is a fourth function of carbohydrates?

Answer 83

Cell signaling (glycoproteins on membrane)

Question 84

What is the difference between alpha-glucose and beta-glucose?

Answer 84

Alpha-glucose: OH on C1 down; Beta-glucose: OH on C1 up

Question 85

What type of polysaccharide is cellulose?

Answer 85

Structural polysaccharide

Question 86

What type of polysaccharide is starch?

Answer 86

Storage polysaccharide

Question 87

What is an isomer?

Answer 87

Same formula, different structure (e.g., glucose vs. fructose)

Question 88

What is the term for the covalent bond between monosaccharides?

Answer 88

Glycosidic linkage

Question 89

What does hydrophilic mean?

Answer 89

Water-attracting (due to OH groups)

Question 90

Fill in the blank: Cellulose and chitin are examples of _______.

Answer 90

Structural polysaccharide

Question 91

Fill in the blank: Starch and glycogen are examples of _______.

Answer 91

Storage polysaccharide