BIO 120: Definitions test 2 Flashcards
0
Q
Morula
A
Solid sphere of cells (about the same size as original zygote)
1
Q
Zygote
A
Mature fertilized egg
2
Q
Blastula
A
Hollow ball of cells
3
Q
Gastrulation
A
Cells on one side of the blastula move inward (indentation)
4
Q
Gastrula layers
A
Ectoderm
Endoderm
Mesoderm
5
Q
Ectoderm location and what it becomes
A
Outer layer
Epidermis, Nervous system
6
Q
Endoderm
A
Inner layer
Digestive, Respiratory systems, portions of liver and pancreas
7
Q
Mesoderm
A
Middle layer
Muscular, skeletal, circulatory, excretory, reproductive systems
8
Q
Differentiation
A
Cells become arranged into specialized structures. Become specialized for a specific function (during gastrula stage)
9
Q
Ectopic pregnancy
A
Embryo doesnt make it to the uterus, starts forming somewhere else
Fatal
10
Q
How are dizygotic twins produced
A
2 eggs are released and fertilized by separate sperm
11
Q
How are monozygotic twins produced
A
Develop from a single fertilized egg
Late separation results in conjoined twins
12
Q
Spina bifida
A
Incomplete closing of the backbone
13
Q
What to take to prevent spina bifida
A
folic acid
14
Q
Drugs that cause birth defects
A
Thalidomide, Thalomid
Tetracyline
Streptomycin
15
Q
Thalidomide, Thalomid results
A
Causes short or missing limbs
16
Q
Tetracyline
A
Banding of permanent teeth
17
Q
Streptomycin
A
Hearing problems in offspring
18
Q
Apoptosis
A
“Programmed cell death”
Gets rid of webbing of toes and fingers, it is a good thing
19
Q
Trait
A
Specific characteristic of an organism
20
Q
Alleles
A
Varient forms of a trait
21
Q
How many alleles does an orgamism inherit
A
Two, one from each parent
22
Q
Homozygous
A
Same alleles
23
Q
Heterozygous
A
Different alleles
24
Dominant
A trait that masks the other trait
Always shows in effect over the other
Designated by a capital letter
25
Recessive
The trait that is masked
Only shows when pure
Designated by lower case
26
Genotype
Set of genes in our DNA that is responsible for a particular trait
(Pp, PP,pp)
27
Phenotype
Physical expression or characteristics of a trait
| brown eyes, blue eyes
28
Punnett Square
A diagram used to predict an outcome of a particular cross breeding experiment
29
Trisomy 21, Downs syndrome
Extra copy of chromosome 21
Causes delay in the way a child develops, both mentally and physically
Woman age 35 and older have a higher change of giving birth to someone with condition
Heart murmurs, intestine, ear, breathing problems (sleep apnea), eye problems, underactive thyroid, hypothyroidism
30
Klinefelter syndrome
additional X in males (XXY) (47)
Small testes that do not produce as much testosterone as usual
Imcomplete puberty, breast enlargement (gynecomastia), reduced facial and body hair, inability to have biological children (infertility)
31
Turner syndrome
When one normal X is present and the other is missing or altered (XO)
Early loss of ovarian function, no periods, no breasts, cannt have children, short and webbed neck, low set ears, low hairline at back of neck, short stature, swollen hands and feet at birth
32
Endometrium
inner lining of the uterus
33
cleavage
specific type of mitosis. during formation of zygote
34
Tissue
A group of cells
35
Histology
looking at tissues or cells under the microscope
36
Pathologist
studies cells, tissues
37
Where is epithelial tissue found
Inner linings of blood vessels, interior of respiritory, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems.
in hollow organs
38
Functions of epithelial tissue
Covering and lining epithelium. Keeps bacteria out
39
Layers of epithelial tissue
simple, stratifies, pseudostratified
40
Simple epithelium
Single layer of cells
41
Stratified epithelium
two or more layers of cells, protection
42
pseudostratified epithelium
appear to have mulitple layers
43
Squamous (shape)
irregular, thin
44
Squamous (function)
Allows for passage of substances rapidly (o2)
45
Cuboidal
as tall as they are wide, shaped like cubes or hexagons
46
Columnar
Taller than they are wide
47
Transitional (shape)
Can change shape. Can withstand stretching
48
Transitional (location)
Urinary system
49
Simple squamous epithelium
single layer of cells. Squamous shaped. Rapid diffusion in lungs
50
Stratified epithelium
two or more layers of cells. More durable (skin)
51
Types of stratified epithelium (2)
Keritinized and non keritinized
52
Keritinized
Contains the protein keratin. Found in superficial layers of skin
53
Nonkeritinized
Found in the mouth and esophagus
54
Glandular epithelium
Forms glands
55
Two types of glandular epithelium
Endocrine glands and exocrine glands
56
Endocrine glands
hormones. Go directly INto the blood stream
57
Exocrine glands
secrete product into ducts that empty onto the surfaces of the epithelium Examples are sudoriferous (sweat) glands, mucus, oil, earwax, digestive enzymes
58
Functions of connective tissue
Binds tissues together, supports and strengthens other body tissue, protects and insulates internal organs, energy reserves and immune responses, compartmentalize
59
Only type of connective tissue that is avascular
cartilage
60
Extracellular matrix
unique to connective tissue, material located between the cells.consists of two parts
61
Two parts of extracellular matrix
Fibers and ground substance
62
Types of fibers
Collagen, elastic, reticular (stroma)
63
Ground substance
Between cells and fibers
| Fluid, semifluid, gelatinous of calcified
64
Stroma
Found in reticular fibers. Framework
65
Connective tissue cells
Fibroblasts, adipocytes, mast cells, white blood cells, macrophages, plasma cells
66
Fibroblasts
secrete fibers and components of ground substance
67
Adipocytes
(fat cells) store triglycerides (fat)
68
Mast cells
produce hystamine (allergic reactions)
69
White blood cells
immune response (neutrophil and eosinophils)
70
Macrophages
engulf bacteria and cellular debris by phagocytosis
71
Plasma cells
Secrete antibodies
72
Classification of connective tissues
Loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, cartilage, bone, liquid connective tissue
73
Loose connective tissue
Areolar, adipose, reticular
74
Dense connective tissue
Dense regalr, dense irregular, elastic
75
Cartilage
Hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage
76
Bone
compact and spongy
77
Liquid
Blood and lymph
78
About areolar (loose connective tissue)
fibers are arranged randomly, fibers are loosely arranged, most widely distributed in the body
Has all three types of fibers
79
About adipose (loose connective)
Good for insulation (protects organs, kidneys dropping with weight loss) and energy reserves
Contains adipocytes
80
About Reticular (loose connective)
Forms the stroma (framework)
| Liver spleen and lymph nodes
81
About Dense regular connective tissue (dense connective tissue)
bundles of collagen fibers are regularly arranged in parallel patterns for strength
Tendons and most ligaments
82
About dense irregular connective tissue (dense connective tissue)
Collagen fibers are usually irregularly arranged
83
About Elastic connective tissue (dense connective tissue)
strong, can recoil to original shape after stretching
| Lung tissues and arteries (stretching and coming back)
84
About Hyaline cartilage (cartilage)
Provides flexibility and support, reduces friction, most abundant in the body
Weakest of the three cartilages
Joints, stops bone on bone contact
85
About fibrocartilage (cartilage)
Strongest type of cartilage
Strength and rigidity
Found in intervertebral disk (between vertebrae)
86
About elastic cartilage (cartilage)
Maintains shape of certain structures (ear)
87
Compact bone (osseous, bone tissue)
basic unit is the osteon or haversian system
| Concentric rings , go around in circles
88
Spongy bone (osseous, bone tissue)
lacks osteons, contains trabeculae instead
89
3 Types of muscular tissue
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
90
Skeletal: involuntary or voluntaary
Voluntary
91
Skeletal: with or without striations
with striations
92
Cardiac muscle, involuntary or voluntary
involuntary
93
does cardiac muscle have striations
yes
94
what makes cardiac muscle unique
intercalated disks
95
Smooth muscle tissue, involuntary or voluntary
involuntary (digestion)
96
Smooth muscle tissue, striated or not
Not striated
97
Location of smooth muscle tissue
walls of hollow structures. (blood vessels, stomach and intestines)
98
What is nervous tissue made of
Neurons or nerve cells
99
parts of a neuron
cell body (contains nucleus), dendrite, axon
100
Neuroglia
support neurons
101
Sjogrens syndrome
```
Inflammation and destruction of exocrine glands (lacrimal glands, salivary glands)
Dry mouth, eyes, nose, skin
More common in women 50-60
Auto immune
Eye drops, atrificial saliva
```
102
Systemic Lupus Eeythematosus (SLE) (Lupus)
Chronic inflammatory disease of connective tissue
Butterfly rash, painful joints, fatigue, kidney, liver, spleen, lungs
Auto immune
103
Marfan syndrome
Tall, thin, long toes, fingers, arms and legs
Abnormal development of connective tissue. Walls of large arteries affected (commonly aorta)
Aneorisms often formed in the aorta, will burst
Any age, common at college age
104
The integumentary system
Skin and accesory structures including hair, nails, oil and sweat glands, and sensory receptors
105
Dermatology
The medical specialty for the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the integumentary system
106
Cutaneous membrane
The skin
| Largest organ by surface area and weight
107
Average thickness of the skin
1-2mm
108
Functions of the skin
thermoregulation, blood reservoir, protection, cutaneous sensations, synthesis of vitamin d, excretion and absorbtion
109
Thermoregulation of skin
sweating if warm (blood vessels dialate), vessels constrict if cold
110
Blood resevoir (skin)
blood under skin
111
Protection (skin)
keratin, perspiration, slows growth of many microbes. Langerhans cells (immunity), melanin (protection from UV rays)
112
Cutaneous sensations of the skin
touch things with skin
113
Synthesis of vitamin D in skin
to absorb calcium
114
Excretion and absorbtion
absorbs: acetone (nail polish), carbon tetrachloride (dry cleaning)
eliminates: water, salts, co2, ammonia, urea
115
Layers of skin
Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
116
Epidermis
Outer, thinner layer
| Stratified squamous epithelium
117
Dermis
Inner thicker layer
| Two layers: papillary and reticular
118
Hypodermis (subcutaneous, SubQ)
Beneath the dermis
| Attatches the skin to underlying tissues and organs
119
What type of tissue is the epidermis composed of
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
120
Cells in the epidermis
Keretinocytes, Melanocytes, Langerhans cells, Merkel cells
121
Keratinocytes
produce keratin and lamellar granules (produces a sealant to prevent too much water from going in or out)
122
Melanocytes
produce melanin
123
Langehans cells
immune response
124
Merkel cells
sense of touch
125
Layers of the epidermis (bottom to top)
stratum basal, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
126
Stratum basal or stratum germativum
deepest layer of epidermis. basal cells (stem cells)
127
Stratum lucidum Absent in ____ skin
absent in thin skin. Only in thick skin
128
Startum corneum
Outermost (most superficial) layer
25-30 layers of dead keratinocytes
Protection
Between cells- material from lamellar granduales (produce sealant)
129
Dermis layers
Papillary and reticular
130
Papillary
outer layer
| Dermal papillae- fingerlike structures
131
Reticular region
deeper than the papillary region
132
Keratinization
newly formed cells are pushed to the surface. Accumulate more keratin
133
Dandruff
excessive amount of keratinocytes are shed from the surface
134
Psorasis
often knees, elbows and scalp. Keratinocytes divide and move more quickly- are being shed prematurely
Get flakey areas
135
Melanin
a yellow red or brown black pigment produced by melanocytes (located mostly in the epidermis)
The amount of melanin causes the skins color to vary
136
Melanocytes
manufacture melanin from amino acid tyrocine
137
Carotene
yellow orange pigment, accumulates in epidermis and fatty tissues of hypodermis (carrots, skin turns orange)
138
nevus or mole
A benign localized growth of melanocytes
139
Albinism
an inherited inability to produce melanin (sensitivity to sun in skin, eyes)
140
Vitiligo
a condition in which there is a partial or complete loss of melanocytes from patches of skin
141
Cyanotic
blue. lack of oxygen. nails, lips
142
Jaundice
yellow skin and or sclera (white of the eyes). liver problem
143
Erythema
redness. inflammation, infection, suburn (injury, infection, inflammation)
144
Pallor
pale, loss of color. face, palms.
| shock or emotional stress
145
Functions of hair
protection
reduction of heat loss
sensing light touch
146
Shaft
projects above the surface of the skin
147
Root
penetrates into the dermis
148
Arrector pili muscle
smooth muscle that pulls on the follicle. (hair standing on a cats back)
149
Alopecia
partial or complete lack of hair
150
Lanugo
covers the body of the fetus. falls off after birth usually
151
Hirsutism
great amount of body hair. Possible tumor or adrenal gland, testes or ovaries
152
Sebaceous (oil) glands
secretes an oily substance called sebum
Prevents dehydration of hair and skin
Inhibits growth of certain bacteria
153
Sebum
antibacterial qualities, slows down bacterial growth
| oily substance
154
Sudoriferous (sweat) glands
Function to wash epidermal surface
Helps the body regulate body temperature- thermoregualtion
Two types: apocrine and merocrine sweat glands
155
Apocrine sweat glands
Limited distribution (axillae, groin, nipples)
produce viscous secretion (thick)
Strongly influenced by hormones
156
Merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands
Found in most areas of the skin
Produce watery (thin) secretions with electrolytes
controlled primarily by nervous system
Important in thermoregulation and excretion
Some antibacterial action
157
Ceruminous glands
in the external ear, produce wax (cerumen)
Specialized sudoriferous glands (sweat glands)
exocrine, go through duct
158
Nails consist of...
free edge
| transparent nail body with a whitish lunula at its base
159
Types of skin cancer
Basal cell carcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma, melanma (malignant melanoma)
160
Basal cell carcinoma
78% of all skin cancers
rarely metastasize (spread)
Locally invasive
161
Squamous cell carcinoma
A little more serious
| about 20% of all skin cancers
162
Melanoma (malignant melanoma)
deadly
| spread very quickly
163
Aging and the integrumentary system
wrinkling
decrease of skin immune responsiveness
dehydration and cracking of the skin
decreased sweat production
decreased number of functional melanocytes resulting in grey hair and atypical skin
pigmintation
Loss of subcuataneous fat (bruise easily)
General decerase in skin thickness
Increased susceptability to pathological conditions (less immune)(
growth of hair and nail decreases, nails may become brittle
164
Rosacea
redness, tiny pimples, noticable blood vessels
| Usually in the central area of the face
165
Osseous tissue functions
Resevoir for calcuim (Ca) and phorphorus (P)
| Blood cell production
166
Red bone marrow produces:
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
167
Where in the body does the red bone marrow produce blood cells
hip, ribs, breast bone (sternum), vertabrae, skull, end of arm and thigh
168
Yellow bone marrow function
Triglyceride storage (stores fat cells)
169
As we age _____ bone marrow turns to ______bone marrow
red turns to yellow
170
Long bone
Longer than it is wide
171
Parts of a long bone
```
Diaphysis
Epiphysis
Articular cartilage
Periosteum
Medullary cavity
Endosteum
```
172
Diaphysis
main portion, body, shaft
173
Epiphysis
end
174
Articular catilage
covers the epiphysis (end), made of hyaline cartilage
175
Periosteum
outer layer
176
Medullary cavity
marrow cavity
177
Endosteum
Inner, lines the internal bone facing the Medullary cavity
178
Osteoblasts
bone building cells
179
Osteocytes
mature bone cells
| maintain metabolism of the bone
180
Osteoclasts
Release enzymes that resorb (break down) bone (resorption)
| Drugs for osteoperosis target these
181
Matrix (%)
25% water
25% collagen fibers
50% crystallized mineral salts (calcium phosphate)
182
A process called ________ is initiated by bone building cells called osteoblasts
calcification
183
Mineral salts are deposited and crystalize in the framework formed by _________
collagen fibers of the extracellular matrix
184
Bones ________ depends on collagen fibers
flexibility
185
Tensile strength
resistence to being stretched, torn apart
| From collagen
186
Calcification of mineral cells results in ______
bone
187
What supplies the periosteum and compact bone
Periosteal arteries and nerves
188
The periosteum is rich in ________ sensitive to tearing or tension
sensory nerves
189
Nurtient artery and foramen
Large artery and opening near the center of the diaphysis
190
Repeating structural units in compact bone
Osteons or haversian system
191
True or false, Spongy bone has osteons and haversian systems
False, they have trabeculae
192
Central haversian canal
Only in compact bone
| Around the center canals are concentric lamellae, like rings of a tree
193
What is found between the lamellae and what is found inside of the things found between the lamellae
small spaces called lacunae which contain osteocytes
194
What radiates from all dirctions of the lacunae and what is its function
Canaliculi- carry nutrients and oxygen, connect lacunae and different osteocytes, transportation
195
True or false: spongy bone has osteons
False, they have trabeculae instead
196
Where are the trabaculae found and why are they found there
Found along the lines of stress, helps bones resist stresses without breaking
197
What do spaces between trabaculae do
Make the bone lighter
198
What occurs in spongy bone
Hemopoiesis (blood cell production)
199
Hormones that cause bone growth
estrogen and testosterone
200
Location of thyroid
neck (anterior)
201
Location of parathyroid
posterior part of the thyroid (4 tiny ones)
202
Parathyroid glands
Secrete ______________
helps _______ the blood calcium levels
```
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)(parathormone)
raise
```
203
3 ways parathyroid hormone raises the blood calcium level
1) increases the activity of osteoclasts
2) acts on kidneys to decrease the loss of calcium in the urine
3) stimulates the formation of calcitriol
204
What is calcitriol
active form of vitamin D
| Holds on the calcium (absorbs)
205
Thyroid gland
Secretes ________ which _______ activity of osteoclasts
Bone resorption is __________
This ________ blood calcium level
Calcitonin (CT)
inhibits
decreased
decreases
206
What is the opposite of calcitonin
calcitriol
207
Osteopenia
low bone mass
208
Osteoperosis
| what happens, who gets it most, diagnosis, treatment
```
pourous bones
fractures occur easily
More common in women after menopause (less estrogen)
Diagnosis: bone mineral density test
treatment: medications
```
209
Two types of medicines for osteoporosis
Biophosphonates
Estrogen replacement therapy
(both are antiresorptives)
210
Biophosphonates
Fosomax
Actonel
Boniva
211
Rickets
inadequate calcification of the extacellular matrix
In children
(bowed legs)
212
Osteoartheritis
degeneration of articular cartilage (ends of bone)
| bone on bone
213
Osteomalacia
adult rickets
| deformity of skull, ribcage, pelvis, sternum)
214
Osteogenic sarcoma
bone cancer
usually develops in teens
occurs when teen is growing rapidly
215
Osteomyelitis
infection of the bone. Staph aureus
| serious, requires hospitalization
216
Minerals involved with bone growth
calcium, flouride, phosphorus, magenese, magnesium
217
Vitamins involved with bone growth and their functions
A: stimulates activity of osteoclasts
C: needed for synthesis of collagen
D: increaing absorption of calcium from food in the gastrointetsinal tract into the blood stream
218
Open (compound) fracture
the broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin
219
Closed (simple) fracture
does not break the skin
| easiest to fix
220
Commiunted fracture
bone is splintered, crushed or broken to pieces
| hardest to fix
221
Impacted fracture
one end of the fractured bone is forcefully driven into the other
222
Stress fracture
a series of microscopic fissures in the bone (shin splintss, tibia)
from running on pavement
223
The Diebcephalon extends from the _______ to the ________
| What are the parts of it
brain stem to the cerebrum
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
224
Thalamus
- Makes up 80% of the _______
- Major relay station for most_________
- Diencephalon
| - sensory impulses
225
Hypothalamus
- size
- very important in ______
- controls many activities of the _______
- small
- homeostasis
- ANS (autonomic nervous system) (ex: digestion)
226
Epithalamus
| -What gland does it contain and what does it secrete
```
Pineal gland
Secretes melatonin (helps with sleep)
```
227
Cerebrum
| -seat of ______
Intelligence
228
Whjat color matter is the Cerebral cortex made of and where is it (outer, middle, inner)
Gray matter
| Outer
229
What are Gyri in the Cerebrum
folds
230
What are fissures in the Cerebrum
deep grooves between folds
231
What are Sulci in the Cerebrum
shallow grooves between folds
232
What is the longitudinal fissure in the cerebrum
most prominent fissure
| separates the cerebrum into right and left halves called cerebral hemispheres
233
What are the four lobes of the brain
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
