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FINALS > Bio 1201 > Flashcards

Bio 1201 Flashcards

1
Q

of Neutrons

A

Atomic Mass - Protons

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2
Q

Atomic Mass

A

Protons + Neutrons

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3
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

Electrons lost or gained
Electronegativity: 1.7 or greater
(polar)

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4
Q

Covalent Bonds (Nonpolar)

A

Equal sharing of electrons
Electronegativity: less than 0.5
(carbon bonded to anything)

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5
Q

Polar Covalent Bonds

A

Non equal sharing of electrons

Electronegativity: 0.5 - 1.7

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6
Q

Functional Groups

A

groups of atoms attached to carbon backbone

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7
Q

Hydroxyl

A

-OH

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8
Q

Carbonyl

A

C = O

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9
Q

Carboxyl

A

HO - C = O

**ACIDIC

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10
Q

Amino

A

H - N - H

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11
Q

Phosphate

A

O
O=P-O
O
**ACIDIC

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12
Q

Methyl

A

CH3

nonpolar

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13
Q

C-H

A

nonpolar

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14
Q

4 Classes of Organic Molecules

A
  • carbohydrates
  • lipids
  • proteins
  • nucleic acids
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15
Q

Carbohydrates

A

C, O same

Double H

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16
Q

Lipids

A

Mainly C & H with few O’S

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17
Q

Proteins (Amino Acid)

A

Central carbon attached to a amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen group, and something else

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18
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base

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19
Q

Spontaneous Reaction

A

Can occur without outside help (Exergonic)

-release free energy - ΔG

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20
Q

Non-Spontaneous Reaction

A

Needs outside help (Endergonic)

-require free enegy + ΔG

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21
Q

Free Energy Equation

A 
ΔG =  ΔH - T ΔS
 ΔG: free energy
 ΔH: Change in enthalpy 
T: Temperature in Kelvin
 ΔS: Change in entropy (disorder)
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22
Q

Enzymes

A

Almost all are proteins, they speed up the rate of the reaction by lowering the activation energy

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23
Q

Induced Fit Model

A

Substrate binds to active site and this alters shape of enzyme by creating fit that promotes a reaction

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24
Q

Why do cell membranes exist?

A
  • They keep contents of the cell from leaking out
  • Maintain concentrations
  • Creates free energy gradients
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25
Q

Isotonic

A

Equal concentration, normal

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26
Q

Hypertonic

A

Less concentrated, shrivel

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27
Q

Osmosis

A

Net movement of water across a semi permeable membrane

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28
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of molecules from hi concentration to low concentration

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29
Q

Where and how is most of the ATP produced in the cells?

A

Mitochondria, and ATP synthase

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30
Q

Cellular Respiration:

A

Breakdown glucose, releases energy, captures energy in the form of ATP

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31
Q

Photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 12H20 + LIGHT —-> 6O2 + C6H12O6 + 6H20

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32
Q

Two stages of Photosynthesis

A
  1. Light dependent reactions (light reactions)
    - cyclic
    - noncyclic
  2. Light independent reactions (dark reactions-Calvin Cycle)
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33
Q

Cyclic Photophos

A

Light + ADP —> ATP

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34
Q

Non Cyclic photophos

A

Light + H20 + ADP + NADP+ —-> O2 + ATP + NADPH+ + H+

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35
Q

Calvin Cycle

A

CO2 + NADPH + H20 + ATP —> G3P + H+ + NADPH+ + ADP

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36
Q

CDK + Cyclin

A

MPF

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37
Q

Karyokinesis

A

Division of the nucleus (mitosis and meiosis)

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38
Q

A cell in G2 of interphase will have how much DNA compared to the same cell when it was in G1 of interphase?

A

Twice as many

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39
Q

Mitosis

A

Produces identical daughter cells

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40
Q

if the haploid number is 44, what is the diploid number

A

88

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41
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes attach to spindle

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42
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes allign in center

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43
Q

Anaphase

A

Chromosome begin to pull apart

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44
Q

Telophase

A

Chromosomes most to spindle post

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45
Q

What genes are located on the Y(male) chromosome

A

Hairy ears

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46
Q

What genes are located on the X chromosome

A

color blindness, hemolphilia

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47
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical expression of alleles (ex. purple flowers)

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48
Q

Genotype

A

Listing of alleles

Ex: AA or Aa

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49
Q

Mitosis

A 
Prophase: 4, 8 replicated
Metaphase: 4, 8 replicated
Anaphase: 8, 8 un-replicated
Telophase: 8, 8 un-replicated
Cytokinesis: 4, 4 un-replicated
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50
Q

Meiosis I

A 
Pro: 4, 2, 8 
Meta: 4, 2, 8
Ana: 4, 2, 8
Telo: 4, 2, 8
Cyt: 2, 0, 4
(ALL REPLICATED)
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51
Q

Meiosis II

A 
Pro II: 2, 0, 4
Meta II: 2, 0, 4
Ana II: 4, 2, 4 (un-replicated)
Telo II: 4, 2, 4
Cyto II: 2, 0, 2
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52
Q

DNA to DNA

A

Replication

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53
Q

DNA to RNA

A

Transcription

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54
Q

RNA to protein

A

Translation

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55
Q

DNA Replication process

A
  1. Topoisomores- breaks backbone
  2. DNA Helicase - unwinds DNA
  3. SSBP - keep strands of DNA apart
  4. DNA Polymerase - makes DNA
  5. RNA primer- starts DNA synthesis
  6. DNA ligase - connects fragments
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56
Q

DNA Replication deals with

A

Leading and Lagging strand

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57
Q

Transcription

A

DNA to RNA
mRNA: messenger
tRNA: transfer
rRNA: ribosomal

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58
Q

RNA Processing

A

Occurs in Eukaryotes mRNA, the 5’ end gets capped, poly A tail added to 3’ end, and splicing occurs (taking out introns)

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59
Q

Translation

A

RNA to Protein
Small Subunit: binds to 5’ end and finds AUG (start codon)
Large Subunit: Binds at AUG
- tRNA comes in and binds to nucleotides

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60
Q

What makes peptide bonds?

A

Amino Acids

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61
Q

What does RNA not contain?

A

Thymine

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62
Q

Explain hydrogen concentrations in relation to the cell

A

More hydrogen ions should be inside cell in order to make ATP, when you decrease pH then the concentration goes up

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63
Q

where does photosynthesis occur in plants

A

Thylakoid

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64
Q

Rough ER

A

involved in protein synthesis

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65
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Packaging and manufacturing for things leaving the cells

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66
Q

Mitochondria

A

Cellular Respiration, can make own proteins, contains DNA

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67
Q

Chloroplast

A

Photosynthesis, can make own protein, contains DNA

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68
Q

Higher Concentration (more people in room)

A

Lower entropy, higher free energy

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69
Q

The Electron Transport chain is part of the

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

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70
Q

3 Types of Cell Signaling

A

Direct, Local, Distant

71
Q

Direct Cell Signaling

A

1 cell touches another

  • Gap Junctions (Animal Cells)
  • Plasmademta (Plant Cells)
72
Q

Local Cell Signaling

A

1 cell signaling cells nearby

paracine and synaptic signals

73
Q

Distant Cell Signaling

A

Cells signal others at a distance

Usually deals with endocrine system and horomones

74
Q

3 Steps of Cell Signaling

A

Reception
Transduction
Response

75
Q

Cell Signaling Reception

A
  • Receiving the signal molecule(lygine)
  • most are bound to plasma membrane but some are proteins in the cytoplasm (these will be steroids)
  • highly specific
  • If cell signal is large it won’t make it through cell membrane
76
Q

Cell Signaling Transduction

A

Converting signal from one from to another form

  • G Protein: binds to receptor then goes to enzyme
  • Tyrosine-Kinese: large 2 part stick protein fully activate by phosphate, 2 cellular responses
  • Ion gate channel: gate open and closes
77
Q

Cell Signaling Response

A

Nuclear Response: occurs as results of gene regulation

Cytoplasmic Response: enzyme regulation

78
Q

During the day how much pr is there?

A

Small amount

79
Q

Cells regulate process through what two mechanisms?

A

Antagonistic Pairs

Negative Feedback

80
Q

Antagonistic Paris

A

3 cells, Signal 1 is producing 3, Signal 2 is removing 3

EX: blood/glucose levels

81
Q

If glucose is rising then insulin is

A

rising

82
Q

Glucagon:

A

stimulates breakdown of glycogen into glucose

83
Q

Negative Feedback

A

More 3 = less A,B,C thyromine

84
Q

Iodine increases what in Negative Feedback

A

A

85
Q

What are the 3 types of neurons

A

Sensory
Motor
Interneurons

86
Q

Sensory

A

Receptor to central nervous system

87
Q

Motor

A

Central nervous system to receptor

88
Q

Interneurons

A

Between Sensory and Motor Neurons

89
Q

Neuron Structure

A

Cell body
Dendrite
Axon
Axon Hillock

90
Q

Cell Body

A

most organelles located here

91
Q

Dendrite

A

Recieves information from other neurons

92
Q

Axon

A

Sends info away from cell body

93
Q

Axon Hillock

A

Axon potential is located here

94
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

SCHWANN CELLS

Aids in speed of conduction of info along axon

95
Q

Membrane Potentials

A

All cells have electrical potential across membrane

96
Q

What goes on in the cell during Membrane Potential

A

K+ is inside the cell, Na+ and Cl- outside the cell

- K+ moves outside making inside of the cell negative and outside positive

97
Q

Action Potential

A

Result of voltage gated channels Na+ and K+

98
Q

Na+

A

2 gates, Activation(opens) and Inactivation(closes)

99
Q

K+

A

1 gate that opens slower

100
Q

Steps of Membrane Potential

A 
Resting Potential
Threshold (Depolarization)
Rising Action Potential
Falling Action Potential
Undershoot (Hyperpolization)
101
Q

Resting Potential of Membrane Potential

A

Close, close, close

102
Q

Threshold (Depolarization)

A

Open, Close, close

103
Q

Rising Action Potential

A

Open, close, open

104
Q

Falling Action Potential

A

open, open, open

105
Q

Undershoot (hyperpolarization)

A

close, open, close

106
Q

If Na+ are allowed to move across the membrane what is the effect on membrane potential

A

Depolarization

107
Q

Na-K Pump

A

3Na out for every 2K in

108
Q

Synapses

A

Meeting point between 2 neurons

109
Q

What are the two types of synapses?

A

Electrical and Chemical

110
Q

Electrical Synapses

A
  • sent through gap functions

- very rapid transmission

111
Q

Chemical Synapses

A
  • more abundant and precise
  • slower transmission
  • intergration
112
Q

EPSP

A

depolarizes (Na+)

113
Q

IPSP

A

Hyperpolization (K+)

114
Q

EPSP + IPSP determine

A

Action Potiental

115
Q

3EPSP decrease by 10mV each does this fire action potential

A

YES

116
Q

Integration Example

A

Vertebrate Eye

117
Q

Vertebrate Eye

A

Photoreceptors: rods, cones (connected by horizontal)
Ganglion: form optic nerve (connected by Amacrine)
Bipolar Cells connect the two

118
Q

Botulism

A

Weak point of chemical synapse

- Prevent EPSP

119
Q

Tetanus

A

Weak point of chemical synapse

- Prevent IPSP

120
Q

Vertebrate Nervous System

A

Central Nervous System & Peripheral Nervous System

121
Q

CNS

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

-process info

122
Q

BRAIN

A

Forebrain (cerebrum)
Midbrain (optic lobes)
Hindbrain (cerebellum)

123
Q

PNS

A

-sends information to and from CNS

Afferent and Efferent Branch

124
Q

Afferent Branch

A

Sensory Neurons

-sends to CNS

125
Q

Efferent Branch

A 
Motor Neurons (conscious)
 Autonomic Nervous System
126
Q

Sensory Systems

A

reception, transduction, transmission, perception

127
Q

Amplification vs Adaptation

A

Amplification: action potential is greater energy then photons that triggered it
Adaption: Over time receptors stop responding, Decreases sensory reception

128
Q

What are the requirements for moevement

A

Force (muscle)

Structural (skeleton)

129
Q

Skeleton

A

Hydrostatic, exoskeleton, endoskeleton

130
Q

Outputs of glycolosis

A

ATP, NADPH+H+, pyruvic acid

131
Q

What does Thyroxine do?

A

Increase metabolism

132
Q

How many capillary beds are in a portal system?

A

2

133
Q

When an action potential moves along a membrane it

A

Propgates

134
Q

Rank energy highest to lowest

A

GPANA

Glucose, pyruvaic acid, acetyl-COA, NAPH + H+, ATP

135
Q

Enzymes doe everything except

A

INCREASE activation enegy

136
Q

What gas is responsible for fruit ripening?

A

Ethylene

137
Q

At what level do Glycolsis and the Krebs Cycle Produce ATP

A

Substrate Level

138
Q

What is converted into G3P by the Calvin Cycle?

A

CO2

139
Q

During muscle contraction, theI band will decrease

A

true

140
Q

Which is not produced in the anterior pituitary gland

A

TH4

141
Q

Steroids are

A

Lipids

142
Q

The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain is part of what strucutre?

A

Primary

143
Q

A protein contains 438 amino acids, how many peptide bonds are present

A

437

144
Q

Carrier proteins and channel proteins are both involved in

A

Facilitated Diffusion

145
Q

A cell containing ribosomes, plasma membranes, and flagella, but without a nucleus, ER, or mitochondria could be?

A

Pro or Eukaryote

146
Q

The rough ER is the site of the production of

A

Enzymes to be used in cytoplasm

147
Q

Which of the following organelles would be expected to contain DNA

A

Mitochondria

148
Q

The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is directly involved in

A

accepting electrons at the end of the ETC

149
Q

The ultimate acceptor of all electrons flowing down the ETC is

A

Oxygen

150
Q

The Calvin Cycle occurs in the

A

Stroma

151
Q

The backbone of DNA strand is composed

A

Sugar phosphate

152
Q

Binding of actin to myosin during muscle contraction is regulated by

A

Ca++

153
Q

What is the most numerous functional group on most monosaccharides

A

Hydroxyl

154
Q

Which is true concerning unsaturated fatty acids?

A

They have lower ratio of H to C then saturated

155
Q

A lipid molecule with 4 fused carbon rings is a

A

Steroid

156
Q

Intergral Proteins would be expected to have

A

Hydrophobic Regions

157
Q

Based on size and charge what would move through lipid bilayer of PM most rapidly

A

CO2

158
Q

Which organelles are not part of membrane flow?

A

Ribosomes

159
Q

What digest foreign cells

A

Lysosome

160
Q

The oxidized form of FAD is reduced by adding

A

Hydrogen

161
Q

Hydrogen bonds must be broken during the process of DNA replication, these bonds occur between

A

Nitrogenous Bases

162
Q

In an inducible operon, in the presence of ____ the structural genes will be transcribed

A

Inducer

163
Q

Cytokinesis in plant cells occurs through the formation of a

A

Cell Plate

164
Q

During both Anaphases in Meiosis the cells have what kind of pairs

A

homologus

165
Q

Epistasis occurs when

A

one gene interferes with expression of another gene

166
Q

Polygenic inheritance involves

A

The additive effect of multiple alleles

167
Q

Which of the following is true of a target cell?

A

It must have a receptor for the chemical signal

168
Q

What is not a major plant hormone?

A

Photoxin

169
Q

Which gland secrete steroid hormones?

A

Adrenal

170
Q

What hormone promotes seed dormancy

A

Abscisic acid

171
Q

What plant hormone stimulates lateral bud development in stems?

A

Cytokinesis

172
Q

What is involved in regulating metabolic rate

A

Thyroxine

173
Q

What contains neurosecretory cells

A

Hypothalamus

174
Q

Somatic part of brain

A

Conscious control

FINALS (2 decks)

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