bio 121 exam 1 Flashcards
(185 cards)
1
Q
anatomy
A
study of structure (all parts)
2
Q
physiology
A
study of function (how it works)
3
Q
example of physiology
A
feeling in hand, actions (open/close)
4
Q
relationship between function and structure
A
function dependent on structure (break fingers, hand won’t work)
5
Q
characteristics of life
A
responsiveness and adaptability (irritability), movement, growth, respiration, digestion, absorption, assimilation, excretion, circulation, reproduction, organization
6
Q
responsiveness and adaptability (irritability)
A
change to a stimulus, changing to stay alive (dodgeball)
7
Q
example of responsiveness and adaptability (irritability)
A
blood sugar levels
8
Q
movement
A
parts moving
9
Q
ie movement
A
arm, leg, etc.
10
Q
growth
A
increase # of cells over time
11
Q
ie growth
A
baby –> adult
12
Q
respiration
A
producing energy
13
Q
ie respiration
A
gas exchange (sugar) + respiration (o2) = energy
14
Q
digestion
A
breaking down into smaller pieces
15
Q
ie digestion
A
teeth, enzymes
16
Q
absorption
A
selectively choosing what you want inside of you
17
Q
ie absorption
A
intestine –> cell
18
Q
assimilation
A
something taken in that becomes apart of you
19
Q
ie assimilation
A
food eaten helps maintain bodily functions (nutrients that support eyes, ears, etc.)
20
Q
excretion
A
selectively removing unneeded material
21
Q
cirulation
A
transportation system // moves through the body
22
Q
ie circulation
A
breathe o2 –> goes into blood –> able to lift hand
23
Q
reproduction
A
genetic offspring
24
Q
ie reproduction
A
making more cells = reproduction (cellular level)
25
organization
parts working together
26
What traits separate living from non-living?
none
27
oxygen
helps convert food to energy
28
heat
for chemical reactions in the body to occur
29
pressure
force to move things, nothing can move thru body w/o pressure // atmosphere, 02
30
levels of organization (least to most complex)
atoms --> molecules --> macro molecules --> cell
31
organelles
multiple macro molecules, working part & performs specific action
32
cells
where live starts // a group of organelles working together for a common function
33
tissues
group of cells working together for a common function
34
organs
group of tissues working together for common function
35
organ systems
group of organs working together for common function // ie: digestive system
36
organism
group of organ systems working together for common function
37
integumentary
covering // our outer system
38
function of integumentary system
protection, regulate temp, and pain awareness
39
ie integumentary system
skin, sweat glands
40
the function of the skeletal system
aid in movement (lever), protection, make blood cells (bone marrow)
41
function of muscular system
movement, produce heat
42
function of nervous system
communication, control, and coordination via electric chemical impulses // work together (organs) to operate and maintain life
43
ie nervous system
brain, spinal cord, sciatic nerve, optic nerve, ulnar nerve
44
function of endocrine system
communication system using hormones, travels in blood // takes messages from one organ and delivers them to another
45
what is faster - the nervous system or the endocrine system?
nervous system
46
ie endocrine system
thyroid, pituitary, pancreas
47
function of digestive system
break down food, absorb, eliminate food waste
48
ie digestive system:
esophagus, large/small intestine, stomach, liver, gall bladder, colon
49
the function of the respiratory system
gas exchange (o2 in, co2 out) control acid/base levels
50
ie respiratory system
lungs, nose, larynx, bronchi
51
function of circulatory system
transport system // moves gas, food, and waste.
52
ie circulatory system
heart, corroded arteries
53
function of lymphatic system
immune function, helps circulatory return extra fluid back to blood
54
ie lymphatic system
lymph nodes, spleen (blood inside), appendix, tonsils (lymph inside)
55
the function of urinary system
excretion of metabolic waste (cell waste fr. work), acid/base balance, water levels
56
ie urinary system
kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra
57
function reproductive system
create more species, enhancing the bodies survivability (muscle mass and bone strength)
58
Interdependence of systems
making sure cells are working well, and all together
59
anatomical position
upright, palms forward (subjects POV)
60
Sagittal
cut body into L & R (archers)
61
midsaggital
median
62
Coronal (frontal)
divided into front (anterior) and back (posterior) (corona beer...drink from front)
63
tranverse (horizontal)
upper and lower
64
oblique
any angle horizontal/diagonally cut
65
anterior/ventral
front
66
posterior/dorsal
back
67
superior
closest to head
68
inferior
closer to feet
69
cranial
towards head
70
caudal
toward rear/tail
71
medial
toward midline
72
lateral
away from midline
73
superficial
closer to surface
74
deep
further from surface
75
relative to point of attatchment
connect upper and lower extremeties
76
proximal
closer to point of attatchment
77
distal
further from point of attatchment
78
axial
center: skull, neck, torso
79
appendicular
attach to midline
80
serous membrane
continuous, double-layered membrane
81
serious membrane: parietal layer
outer (loose cover)
82
serous membrane: visceral layer
inner (tightly folded/attatched)
83
synovial membrane
line joint cavities create synovial fluid, lubrication, nutrition
84
cutaneous membrane
outer covering, make sweat & oil
85
Parietal vs visceral (serous membranes)
Continuous double layered membrane
Parietal layer: Outside, outer covering
Visceral layer: inside layer, attached to
86
Pleural membranes (serous membranes)
Separate lungs from thoracic cavity
87
Pericardial membranes (serous membranes)
Heart layer covering
88
Peritoneal membranes (serous membranes)
Lining of abdominal cavity
Abdomen & pelvis
89
Abdominopelvic regions
Right upper Left Upper Quad
Quad
|
____________________________________
|
Right lower. Left lower quad
Quad
|
90
Abdominopelvic quadrants (starting upper right, ending lower left)
Right hypochondrium
Epigastric region
Left hypochondrium
Right lumbar
Umbilical region
Left lumbar
Right iliac region
hypogastrium
Left iliac region
91
Epi
above/around
92
hypo
below/less than
93
Homeostasis
ability of an organism to maintain stable (optimal) internal condition in response to changing external conditions/changing stimuli
94
Components of homeostasis
stimulus --> receptor --> control center --> effector
95
receptors
detects stimulus/change
96
control center
decision center, tells stimulus what to do
97
effector
carry out response // do something, muscles and glands // effect movement (contract) glands (release, secrete)
98
Examples of homeostatic mechanisms: regulation of room temperature
non-living thermometer detects temp - lets thermostat know. too hot lower, too cold increase
99
Examples of homeostatic mechanisms: Regulation of body temp
living // receptors: hypothalamus
Shiver to make warmer, sweat to make cooler
100
Examples of homeostatic mechanisms: Regulation of blood sugar levels
stimulus: sugar levels rise
Control center: pancreas detects
effector: release insulin
pancreas decreases insulin
101
Control Mechanisms: negative feedback mechanism operation
a change in one direction will cause a change in the opposite direction
negates change
bring back to regulate
102
Control Mechanisms: negative feedback mechanism examples
too hot = bring back to cooler
too cold = bring back to warmer
103
Control Mechanisms: positive feedback operation
a change in one direction will cause a change in the same direction
104
Control Mechanisms: positive feedback examples
blood clotting (loose blood, stop leak) escalating
childbirth (head, squeeze more, uterus contracts)
breast-feeding (sucking simulates more milk and vice versa)
105
Matter
anything occupying space and having mass
106
mass
amount of material in matter
107
atom
smallest stable units of matter; the smallest particles of an element that still displays the chemical properties of that element
108
element
pure substance consisting of only the same atoms (same atomic number)
109
how many naturally occuring elements are there?
92
110
elements are always ______
neutral
111
symbols
smaller, abbreviated words
112
elements most abundant in living matter
CAPONCH
CA - calcium
P - phosphorus
O - Oxygen
N - nitrogen
C - Carbon
H - hydrogen
113
How much do elements make up the human body
99%
114
Compound
molecules made of 2+ different elements
115
Molecules
large complex structures formed when 2+ atoms interact
116
Three components (subatomic particles)
protons
neutrons
electrons
117
protons
found in nucleus
positive charge
atomic mass unit of 1
118
neutrons
found in nucleus
neutral (no charge)
mass of 1
119
electrons
e - negative: found swirling the nucleus
charge of negative: so small mass not eligible
120
Atomic number
same thing as number of protons
identifies element top number of element box
121
atomic mass number
sum of protons and neutrons (not included - neutrons)
122
isotopes
atoms of the same element with the same number of protons and neutrons and different mass number
123
behavior of isotopes
act as element that they are (but mass is different)
124
Can you change the number of protons without changing the element?
no
125
atomic weight (average atomic mass)
avg of the masses of an element
126
given that a chlorine sample has an atomic mass of 35 and 19 neutrons:
what is the number of protons?
35-18=17
127
given that a chlorine sample has an atomic mass of 35 and 19 neutrons:
what is the atomic number?
35 - 18 = 17
128
given that a chlorine sample has an atomic mass of 35 and 19 neutrons:
how many electrons are found?
35 - 18 = 17
129
how to figure out protons/atomic number/ electrons
mass - neutrons = protons, atomic number
atomic number = same number as protons
electrons are neutral which means the same/equal
130
ions
charged particles
131
cations
+ charged particles
positive = losing electrons
Na+, K+, Ca ++, H+
132
anions
- charged particles
negative = gain electrons
OH-
133
Chemical stability: why do ions form? why do they bond?
they want to be stable
ions form and atoms bond to reach stability
134
valence shell (electrons in the outer shell):
Energy in electron shells -
protons, electrons, and neutrons lower energy to higher energy
135
valence shell (electrons in the outer shell):
filling in electrons in the shells, inner to outer
filling in electrons () 2 ) 8 )
136
valence shell (electrons in the outer shell):
octet rule
8 is stable for each circle within shell needs 8 to be happy atom (playing w/ electrons)
137
ions are stable because
they have 8 electrons
138
rules of bonding
1. matter wants to be in it's most stable state
2. only electrons in the outermost shells can be involved in bonding
3. atomic stability = 8 electrons in outer shell
139
types of bonds
Balanced shell first = 2
balanced shell second = 8
140
ionic bonds
attraction b/w atoms because of the transfer b/w electrons creating a negative and positive ion
ie: sodium (table salt) Na+
141
covalent bonds
sharing bonds
atoms bonded together through sharing electrons
can share 1, 2, or 3 pair of electrons
don't touch inner layer (8P)
ie: carbon
142
can a chemical exist as a solid, liquid, and gas in nature?
no, only water
others are not shared equally
143
how much volume does water make up in most living cells
60-80%
144
is water polar or non polar
polar
145
what does it mean that water is a polar molecule
very soluable, unerversal solvent
146
solution
mixture of 2 components (salt water)
147
solvent
substance doing the dissolving
148
solute
substance disolved in liquid
149
water has a high heat capacity, why?
absorb and release large amounts of heat to help stable body temp
150
difference between temperature and heat
temp = average energy of molecules
heat = total energy of molecules
151
water has a high heat vaporization
takes a lot of heat to turn water into gas
152
water is an important reactant in many body chemical reactions
helps digestion, good for body absorption
153
water forms a protective barrier around organs
cerebral spinal fluid for protecting the skull
154
some (a small amount of) water molecules break apart, resulting in
h20 often breaks apart -->
H+ ion [OH]-
H+ ion
155
acid
any molecule that releases H+ in solution
proton donors, donating H+ in solution
156
base (alkali)
bitter/slippery
proton acceptor
things that often release hydroxyl ions in solution
hydrochloric acid --> breaks apart --> h+ and Co- = NaOH (base)
157
salt
ionic compound with cations other than H+ and an ion other than OH-
NaCl (salts)
158
ph scale
(acid) 0_________7_________14 (base)
each pH unit of 1 indicates a tenfold change in the concentration of h+ ions
159
buffers:
chemicals that help resist large changes in pH in the body
resist pH change upon the addition of an acidic or basic components.
neutralize small amounts of added acid or base, thus maintaining the pH of the solution relatively stable.
uffer solutions have a working pH range and capacity which dictate how much acid/base can be neutralized before pH changes, and the amount by which it will change.
160
Buffers in the human body
blood, normal ph around 7.35-7.45
161
effects of acidity/alkalinity on the nervous system of the body
coma/body shut down
162
Basics: organic
molecule is organic if it contains carbon and hydrogen both
(CH must be together)
163
Basics: four functional groups
carboxylic acid
amino
hydroxyl
phosphate
164
carboxylic acid
fatty acids
acts as acid releasing H
O
/
R - C CoOH
\\
OH
165
amino acid
NH2 always
H
/
R - N NH2
\
H
166
hydroxyl acid
link other molecules together
R - O - H = OH
167
Phosphate
High energy
Link to form bigger molecules
O
/
R - O - P - O -
\\
O
168
monomer
1
single repeating unit of a larger molecule
stacking
building blocks
o
/
o-o-o-o-o
\
o
169
polymer
large molecule made of monomers
170
dehydration synthesis
build
make larger molecules by making more water
take H off water
Take OH off proteins
171
Hydrolysis
breakdown
using water to break somethingdown
172
carbohydrates are made out of
CHO 2:1
double of H and O's
C6H12O6 (glucose)
173
properties of carbs
source of cellular energy
water soluble
1-2% of cell mass
174
Functions of carbs
1. source of cellular energy
2. structural purpose: attatch to cell membranes to give cell to cell interaction
3. can be converted by liver into amino acids in order to make protein
175
monosaccharides
simple sugar
3-7 carbs
CHO <-- building block for sugar
176
isomers: glucose vs. fructose vs. galactose
same molecular formula, same molecular structure
177
disaccharides
double sugar
two simple sugars put together
178
Disaccharides: sucrose (table sugar)
glucose + fructose
179
Disaccharides: lactose (milk sugar)
glucose + galactose
180
Disaccharides: maltose
glucose + glucose
181
polysaccharides
made up of long strands of simple sugars strung together
182
polysaccharides: glycogen
stores fat
long glucose chain that's highly branched
animals store sugar
___/_______\________/_______\______
\ / \ / \
183
polysaccharides: starch
long chains of glucose
not as branched (has a different shape)
coils
184
polysaccharides: cellulose
long chains of glucose
no coils/branching
body can't break down cellulose, must chew
185
polysaccharides: cellulose
long chains of glucose
no coils/branching
the body can't break down cellulose, must chew
