Bio

Question 1

Explain the niche concept

Answer 1

The full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organisms use those conditions.

Question 2

Fundamental niche

Answer 2

Full range, potential mode of existence

Question 2

Zonation

Answer 2

The division of an ecosystem into distinct zones that experience similar abiotic conditions. In a more global sense, zonation may also refer to the broad distribution of vegetation according to latitude and altitude.

Question 3

An autotroph

Answer 3

Produces its own food, self feeding

Question 4

Outline the cause of tides, including the variation between neap and spring tides.

Answer 4

Tidal effects are from gravitational forces from the moon and the sun. A full moon and a new moon will cause a spring tide, which is an extra high tide, and a neap tide occurs during quarter moons.

Question 5

What are Factors that affect the distribution of animals

Answer 5

Temperature, water, breeding sites, food supply and territories.

Question 6

What affects the distribution of plants and animals?

Answer 6

Affected by limiting factors

Question 7

Competition:

Answer 7

When fundamental niches of two species overlap

Question 8

Herbivory:

Answer 8

Consumption of plant material by animals

Question 9

Predation:

Answer 9

Consumption of animal material by animals

Question 10

Spatial habitat:

Answer 10

Where an organism lives

Question 11

Feeding activities:

Answer 11

What and how it eats

Question 12

What is it called to have Interactions with other species?

Answer 12

Interspecific competition

Question 13

What is the realised niche

Answer 13

The actual mode of existence resulting from adaptations and competition

Question 14

What is Competitive Exclusion

Answer 14

The ability of two species with the same described niche to coexist

Question 15

What is the use of a transect to investigate the change along an environmental gradient (abiotic factor)?

Answer 15

A transect is a line placed across a community of organisms. Transects are usually carried out to provide information on the distribution of species in the community

Question 16

Species:

Answer 16

Groups of individuals of common ancestry that closely resemble each other and that are normally capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring naturally

Question 17

Population:

Answer 17

A group of organisms of the same species which live in the same area (habitat) at the same time

Question 18

Community:

Answer 18

Groups of populations of organisms living and interacting with each other

Question 19

Ecosystem:

Answer 19

Natural unit of living (biotic) components and non-living (abiotic) components (community+abiotic factors)

Question 20

Habitat

Answer 20

An ecological area occupied by a particular species

Question 21

Factors that affect the distribution of plants

Answer 21

Temperature, water, light, soil pH, salinity, and mineral nutrients

Question 22

A heterotroph

Answer 22

An organism that eats other plants or animals for energy and nutrients

Question 23

Consumers:

Answer 23

Feed on living organisms

Question 24

Detritvores

Answer 24

Internally digest decaying organic matter

Question 25

Saprotrophs:

Answer 25

Externally digest decaying organic matter, and recycle nutrients.

Question 26

What is a food chain

Answer 26

Food chains show the path of energy, arrow points towards the thing doing the eating (as that is where the energy goes)

Question 27

What is a food web?

Answer 27

Complex diagrams that show feeding habitats of organisms in an ecosystem

Question 28

Trophic level

Answer 28

The trophic level of an organism is the position that it occupies in a food web or chain

Question 29

Different level of consumers

Answer 29

Producer, Primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer, quaternary consumer, quinary consumer, senary consumer

Question 30

What is the initial energy source for all communities?

Answer 30

Light is the initial energy source for all communities

Question 31

Explain the energy flow in a food chain

Answer 31

Arrow points towards the thing doing the eating, as the energy goes there, and 10% of the energy is consumed and transferred

Question 32

Are energy transformations 100% efficient?

Answer 32

Energy transformations are never 100% efficient

Question 33

Describe reasons for the shape of pyramids of energy.

Answer 33

Only about 10% of energy is transferred from one level to the next and they are drawn to scale.

Question 34

The four phases in a sigmoid (S-shaped) population growth curve

Answer 34

Lag phase, Exponential phase, Transitional phase, Plateau phase.

Question 35

How population size is affected by natality, immigration, mortality and emigration.

Answer 35

Population growth depends on the number of individuals added to the population from births (natality) and immigration, minus the number lost through deaths (mortality) and emigration

Question 36

how do limiting factors influence the carrying capacity for a species.

Answer 36

the availability of food, predation pressure or available habitat, affect organism growth and population growth, and distribution

Question 37

Exponential curve:

Answer 37

Early on, growth is exponential. Exponential growth is sustained only when there is no environmental resistance.

Question 38

Cause for exponential growth:

Answer 38

plentiful resources (food, water, territory), little to no interspecies competition and little to no predation or disease

Question 39

transitional phase

Answer 39

Logistic curve: As the population grows, the rate of population increase slows, reaching an equilibrium level around the carrying capacity.

Question 40

environmental resistance

Answer 40

The population encounters resistance to exponential growth as it begins to fill up the environment. Environmental resistance increases as the population overshoots the carrying capacity

Question 41

Carrying capacity

Answer 41

The population density that can be supported by the environment

Question 42

Plateau phase:

Answer 42

The population tends to fluctuate around an "equilibrium level". The fluctuations are caused by variations in birth rate and death rate as a result of the population exceeding or falling below carrying capacity.

Question 43

Crest:

Answer 43

The highest point of the wave

Question 44

Trough

Answer 44

The lowest point of the wave

Question 45

Amplitude

Answer 45

How far the wave moves from rest position

Question 46

Wavelength

Answer 46

The distance between one point on a wave and the exact same place on the next wave

Question 47

What cause surface waves?

Answer 47

Surface ocean waves are caused by winds

Question 48

What causes tsunamis?

Answer 48

Tsunamis are caused by deep ocean waves initiated by plate movements

Question 49

Surface waves:

Answer 49

Surface waves are caused by built-up energy or wind, and they are shallow and near the surface. They also have a short wavelength of 100-200m.

Question 50

Tsunamis

Answer 50

Tsunamis are caused by earthquakes or other tectonic motions, are a deep water column. They have a long wavelength (500-1000km)

Question 51

What is competition within the same speceis?

Answer 51

Intraspecific competition