BIO 131 EXAM 1 study guide

Question 1

What is Linnaeus’ order of taxa (Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class. etc.)

Answer 1

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum (for animals) or Division (for plants and some other groups), Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Question 2

How to make/use a dichotomous key

Answer 2

1. Define the purpose
2. Choose characteristics
3. Create pairs of contrasting statements
4. Start with a general question”
5. Arrange the choices hierarchically
6. Provide identification at the end:
7. Test the dichotomous key
8. Share or use the key

Question 3

Anabaena

Answer 3

Domain: Bacteria, Phylum: Cyanobacteria, genus: Anabaena
Heterocyst- nitrogen fixation
Vegatative cells- just grow lol
Akinete- Larger resistant stage

Question 4

Gloeocapsa

Answer 4

Domain: Bacteria, Phylum: Cyanobacteria, unicellular with gelatinous sheath surrounding cell; looks like clusters of colonies

Question 5

Oscillatoria

Answer 5

Domain: Bacteria, Phylum: Cyanobacteria long filament of cells; photoautotrophs

Question 6

Amoeba

Answer 6

Kingdom: protista, Domain: Eukaryota, phylum: Tubilnea Supergroup Unikonta: Clade Amoebozoa
This type of protist is distinguished by its remarkable flexibility and the existence of pseudopodia. Extends a clear outermost area of the cytoplasm called ectoplasm supports the fragile membrane as endoplasm flows into this extension.
- engulf, debris (food) by phagocytosis
- Monoaxial (one way) cytoplasmic streaming (ectoplasm and Endoplasm)

Question 7

Physarum

Answer 7

Domain: Protozoa, Phylum: Eumycetozoa
-plasmodial slime mold
-diploid coenocytic (multinucleate)
- plasmodium phase Cellular slime molds- remain separate amoeba/ amoeba flagellates

Question 8

Trypanosoma

Answer 8

Domain: Eukaryote, Kingdom: Protista, Phylum Kinetoplastida, Super group: Excavata, Clade: Euglenozoa
- sleeping sickness

Question 9

Euglena

Answer 9

Domain: Eukaryote, Kingdom: Protista, Phylum Euglenophyta, Super group: Excavata, Clade: Euglenozoa
- Unicellular organism; moves using its flagella; asexual reproduction; have chloroplasts to absorb sunlight
- Eye spot

Question 10

Phylum Foraminifera

Answer 10

Domain: Eukaryote, Supergroup “SAR” clade: Rhizaria
-axopodia
-forams
-multi-chambered test of CaCO

Question 11

Phylum Radiolaria

Answer 11

Domain: Eukaryote, Supergroup: SAR, Clade: Rhizaria
-radiolarians
- axopodia
-single chamber test of SiO 2

Question 12

Paramecium

Answer 12

Domain: Eukaryote, Kingdom: Protista, Clade Alveolata, Phylum Ciliophora
-feeds using cilia and flagella and phagocytosis via the oral groove
-Trichocysts: defensive mechanisms to deter or capture predators, such as other microorganisms
-pellicle: is a protective and structural feature, contributing to their shape, support, and protection
-contractile vessicles: are specialized organelles that help regulate water content and prevent cell rupture in freshwater environments with varying osmotic conditions

Question 13

Phylum Dinoflagellata

Answer 13

Domain: Eukaryote, Kingdom: Protista, Clade Alveolata, Super group: SAR
-“Dyno” like Dynamo means to spin
-2 groves each with a flagellum, spiral as the swim
cellulose cell walls, Zooxanthellae
- Pigment peridinin= red color

Question 14

Phylum Bacillariophyta

Answer 14

Domain: Eukaryote Kingdom: Chromista, Phylum: Bacillariophyta, Clade: Stramenopila
(Diatoms) SiO 2 cell walls,
* pigment fucoxyanthin = brownish color

Question 15

Phylum Phaeophyta

Answer 15

Domain: Eukaryote, Kingdom: Protista, Clade: Stramenopila
- brown algae
-Anatomy: Holdfast, Stipe, Blade, Gas bladders
Fucus lifecycle- dioecious sporophyte plants (2n) makes antheridia
(sperm)and Ooogonia (eggs). Zygote grows into new plants.

Question 16

Phylum Rhodophyta

Answer 16

Supergroup Archaeplastida, Kingdom/Phylum Rhodophyta, Domain: Eukaryote
-red algae
-pigments: Phycoerythrin, Phycocyanin= red colors
-Sporophyte (2n) and Gametophyte(n) phases
-Tetraspores (n) form by meiosis on (2n) sporophyte plant
-Recognize-female and male (n) gametophyte plants
-Separate male, female gametophyte plants

Question 17

Phylum Chlorophyta

Answer 17

Domain: Eukaryote, Clade: Viridiplantae
-green algae (Chara, Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra, Volvox)
-Chlorophylls a & b

Question 18

coccus (cocci)

Answer 18

spherical shaped bacteria

Question 19

Bacillus

Answer 19

Rod shaped bacteria

Question 20

What is diploid coenocytic
(multinucleate)

Answer 20

Diploid: In genetics, diploid refers to a state in which an organism or cell has two sets of chromosomes.
Coenocytic (or coenocyte): A coenocytic organism or structure is one that consists of a multinucleate cell without cell walls dividing it into separate compartments. Instead of undergoing cell division with complete cell wall formation (cytokinesis)
SO: its something that has two sets of chromosomes (diploid) and does not have cell walls separating its nuclei (coenocytic).

Question 21

Plasmodium

Answer 21

Domain: Eukaryote Kingdom: Chromista, Phylum: Apicomplexa, Clade: Alveolata, Super group: SAR
-causes Malaria, Merozoites inside
red blood cells.
-2 Hosts: human and mosquito

Question 22

Chara sp

Answer 22

Sub phylum Charaphyceans (Chlorophta): Be able to identify sexual structures ( Antheridia and Oogonia) from prepared slide
-All haploid, zygote immediately under goes meiosis.
-More closely related to plants than other green algae.

Question 23

Ammonification

Answer 23

(Ammonia formation) in water in trickling filter as organic
waste (proteins) is digested by bacteria and other protists in water

Question 24

Nitrification

Answer 24

NO2 formation) in Biotower
-Probable Denitrification in Biotower as well

Question 25

What is Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) ?

Answer 25

Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a measure of the oxygen required by microorganisms to break down organic matter in water

Question 26

What role do archaea play in the digester?

Answer 26

archaea are essential microorganisms in anaerobic digesters, where they are primarily responsible for the conversion of intermediate products into methane during the process of methanogenesis.

Question 27

Aqua Gaurd

Answer 27

Screens out unwanted waste from house holds

Question 28

Primary Clarifier

Answer 28

Second form of treatment. Seperates solids with rotaing arms that spin. (Physical proccess)

Question 29

Tracking filter

Answer 29

Where waste products in the effluent are broken down

Question 30

What types of compounds do the hetertrophic bacteria breakdown?

Answer 30

Organic waste and Ammonia (NH3)

Question 31

How does the trickling filter provide a suitable habitat for these aerobic bacteria?

Answer 31

By providing an oxygen rich environment using rocks to break down organic pollutants

Question 32

What chemical compound being broken down in the trickling filter forms the ammonia in the water?

Answer 32

Nitrate

Question 33

Whatr would happen to a stream if a large amount of water with high B.O.D levels was released into it?

Answer 33

It would kill the biofilm

Question 34

How does the biotower get rid of the ammonia, and what is it converted into?

Answer 34

It breaks down ammonia by letting the water sit in the bacteria (bio film) for longer. It converts it into nitrite (NO2) and nitrate

Question 35

How does UV light disinfect water?

Answer 35

It breaks DNA

Question 36

Two types of Archea are activie in anaerobic digester. What does the first group do?

Answer 36

The first group breaks down ammonia

Question 37

What does the second group of Archea do in the anaerobic digester

Answer 37

Reduces ammonia and nitrate, making it safer for discharge

Question 38

What are some ecological roles of the marsh?

Answer 38

Provides a habitat for animals to migrate to and maintain vital marsh plants

Question 39

How does the cell wall anatomy determine gram stain response (positive/negative)

Answer 39

the Gram stain response is determined by the thickness and composition of the cell wall. Gram-positive bacteria retain the crystal violet-iodine complex due to their thick peptidoglycan layer, while Gram-negative bacteria do not retain it as effectively because of their thin peptidoglycan layer and the presence of an outer membrane.

Question 40

What is the gram stain procedure

Answer 40

Dry sample onto slide, using flame * Add Crystal Violet, 30 sec * dH2O rinse * Add Iodine solution, wait 30 secs * dH2O rinse * Add ETOH drop by drop to destain * dH2O rinse * Add Safranin, wait 30 secs * dH2O rinse * Blot dry Gram Positive Gram Negative

Question 41

stain +/- Antibiotic response- E. coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis

Answer 41

Staphylococcus epidermidis: Purple postive E. coli: pink negative

Question 42

In evolutionary terms, a group with a trait that is "better fit" _________.

Answer 42

leaves more fertile offspring into future generations

Question 43

The scientific method can be used to solve problems or answer questions that can be _____.

Answer 43

be measured using physcial properties

Question 44

In science an documented and accepted general explanation for a process is called _________. a theory dogma a hypothesis a law

Question 45

Analogous traits in two species ___________.

Answer 45

have the same functions and do not show common ancestry.

Question 46

In convergence, the same mutation forms in more than one population at the same time. two dominant species begin compete for resources. closely related species look similar to each other. different species adapt to similar environments. formerly isolated populations reestablish gene flow.

Answer 46

different species adapt to similar environments.

Question 47

How would you properly identify (describe) a bacteria with a round shape and grows in pairs? coccus bacillus streptococcus streptobacillus staphlococcus staphlobacillus diplobacillus diplococcus

Answer 47

diplococcus

Question 48

Prokaryotes' essential genetic information is located in the

Answer 48

nucleoid/genophore.

Question 49

Which term describes a prokaryote that obtains both energy and carbon as it decomposes dead organisms?

Answer 49

chemoheterotroph

Question 50

Bacterial cell walls are composed of _______. peptidoglycan chitin cellulose starch pectin

Answer 50

peptidoglycan

Question 51

Which is not a prokaryote feature? Cell wall Plasma membrane Chromosome Ribosome Flagella Mitochondria

Answer 51

Mitochondria

Question 52

A nonessential gene in a bacteria that is present in only some of the individuals in a population (such as antibiotic resistance) most probably would be found in the ______. pilli genophore/nucleoid region chromosome plasmid nucleus

Answer 52

plasmid

Question 53

In a process called _______________ bacteria take in atmospheric nitrogen and produce ammonia.

Answer 53

nitrogen fixation

Question 54

In transformation bacteria_______________.

Answer 54

take in free DNA from their environment.

Question 55

Cells ( and some organelles) reproduction- match the cell type with the division process Prokaryotes ( Bacteria and Arcahe) Eukaryote - One cell goes to 2 identical cells Eukaryote- one (2n) diploid cell goes to 4 (n) haploid cells all distinct Chloroplasts and Mitochondria Options: Mitosis Meiosis Binary Fission as independent Binasry fission inside a eukaryotic cell

Answer 55

Binary Fission as independent cell Mitosis Meiosis Binasry fission inside a eukaryotic cell

Question 56

Place these events in the origins of the eukarya in order of occurrence, earliest to most recent: Formation of nucleus and endomembrane system Formation of mitcochondria Formation of chloroplast from Formation of chloroplast from

Answer 56

Formation of nucleus and endomembrane system Formation of mitcochondria Formation of chloroplast from cyanobacteria Formation of chloroplast from an algal cell