bio Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
alternation of generations
A
a life cycle where the diploid and haploid stages alternate
2
Q
aneuploid
A
an individual with an error in chromosome number
3
Q
autosome
A
any of the non sex chromosomes
4
Q
chiasmata
A
the structure that forms at the crossover points
5
Q
crossing over
A
the exchange of genetic material
6
Q
diploid dominant
A
a life cycle where the multicellular diploid stage is widespread
7
Q
euploid
A
an individual with the appropriate number of chromosomes
8
Q
fertilization
A
the union of 2 haploid cells
9
Q
gametophyte
A
a multicellular haploid life cycle that produces gametes
10
Q
germ cell
A
a specialized cell that produces gametes
11
Q
haploid dominant
A
a life cycle where the multicellular haploid stage is widespread
12
Q
interkinesis
A
a period of rest that occurs between meiosis 1 and 2
13
Q
karyotype
A
the number and appearance of an individuals chromosomes
14
Q
life cycle
A
sequences of events
15
Q
meiosis
A
a nuclear division process that results in 4 haploid cells
16
Q
nondisjunction
A
the failure of the homologous to completely separate
17
Q
polyploid
A
individual with an incorrect number of chromosome sets
18
Q
recombinant
A
describing something composed of genetic material from 2 sources
19
Q
somatic cell
A
all the cells of a multicellular organism except gamete forming cells
20
Q
synapsis
A
formation of close association between homologous chromosomes
21
Q
tetrad
A
2 duplicated homologous chromosomes held together
22
Q
trisomy
A
a diploid genotype where the entire chromosome is duplicated
23
Q
allele
A
1 of 2 or more variants of a gene
24
Q
codominance
A
in a heterozygote; results in the presence of both traits
25
dihybrid
the result of a cross between 2 true-breeding parents
26
dominant
a trait that masks the expression of another trait
27
genotype
the genetic makeup or composition of an organism
28
heterozygous
having 2 DIFFERENT alleles
29
homozygous
having 2 IDENTICAL alleles
30
hybridization
the process of mating 2 different individuals
31
law of dominance
one trait will conceal the presence of another trait
32
law of independent assortment
genes do not influence each other
33
law of segregation
paired unit factors separate equally into gametes
34
monohybrid
the result of a cross between 2 true-breeding parents that express different traits
35
punnett square
a representation of a cross between 2 individuals
36
recessive
a trait whose expression is masked by another trait
37
recombination
the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis
38
trait
a variation in an inherited characteristic
39
codon
three consecutive nucleotides in mRNA
40
deoxyribose
a 5-carbon sugar molecule with a hydrogen atom
41
DNA ligase
the enzyme that catalyzes the joining of DNA fragments together
42
DNA polymerase
an enzyme that synthesizes a new strand of DNA complementary to a template strand
43
exon
a sequence in protein-coding mRNA
44
gene expression
processes that control wether a gene is expressed
45
genetic code
the amino acids that correspond to 3 nucleotide codons of mRNA
46
helicase
an enzyme that helps to open up the DNA helix during DNA replication
47
lagging strand
the strand that is replicated in short fragments and away from the replication fork
48
leading strand
the strand that is made continuously
49
mRNA
messenger RNA
50
mutation
a permanent variation in the nucleotide sequence of a genome
51
nontemplate strand
the strand of DNA that isn't used to describe mRNA
52
Okazaki fragments
the DNA fragments that are made in short pieces on the lagging strand
53
primer
a short stretch of RNA nucleotides that starts the replication
54
promoter
a sequence of DNA
55
replication fork
the Y shaped structure formed during the initiation of replication
56
RNA polymerase
an enzyme that synthesizes an RNA strand from a DNA template strand
57
rRNA
ribosomal RNA
58
start codon
the AUG on an mRNA
59
stop codon
one of the three mRNA codons
60
telomerase
an enzyme that contains a catalytic part and inbuilt RNA template
61
telomere
the DNA at the end of linear chromosomes
62
template strand
the strand of DNA that specifies the complementary mRNA molecule
63
tRNA
transfer RNA
64
transcription bubble
the region of locally unwound DNA that allows mRNA transcription
65
anneal
when 2 single strands of DNA hydrogen bond at complementary nucleotides
66
biotechnology
the use of artificial methods to modify the genetic material of living organisms
67
cloning
making an exact copy of something
68
gel electrophoresis
a technique used to separate molecules
69
gene therapy
the technique used to cure heritable diseases
70
genetic engineering
alteration of the genetic makeup of an organism
71
genetic map
an outline of genes and their location on a chromosome
72
genetic testing
identifying gene variants in an individual
73
genetically modified organisms (GMO)
an organism whos genome has been artificially changed
74
genomics
the study of entire genomes
75
plasmid
a small circular molecule of DNA in bacteria
76
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
a technique used to make multiple copies of DNA
77
recombinant DNA
a combination of DNA fragments generated by molecular cloning
78
recombinant protein
a protein that is expressed from recombinant DNA molecules
79
adrenal gland
the gland associated with the kidneys
80
alveolus (alveoli)
an air sac in the lungs
81
amygdala
a structure in the limbic system that processes fear
82
amylase
an enzyme found in the saliva
83
anus
the exit point of the digestive system for waste material
84
aorta
the major artery that takes blood away from the heart and into the circulatory systems
85
artery
a blood vessel that takes blood away from the heart
86
atrium (atria)
a chamber of the heart the receives blood from the veins
87
axon
tube-like structure that carries electrical impulses away from the cell body to other neurons
88
bile
a digestive juice produced by the liver
89
bolus
a mass of food resulting from chewing action and wetting by saliva
90
brainstem
a portion of the brain that connects with the spinal cord
91
bronchi (bronchus)
smaller branches of cartilaginous tissue
92
bronchiole
the airway the extendes from the bronchus to the alveolar sac
93
capillary
the smallest blood vessel that allows the passage of blood cells
94
central nervous system (CNS)
the nervous system made up of the brain and spinal cord
95
cerebellum
the brain structure involved in posture, motor coordination, and learning new motor actions
96
chyme
a mixture of partially digested food and stomach gases
97
colon
the largest portion of the large intestine
98
diaphragm
a skeletal muscle located under lungs
99
ectotherm
an organism that relies on environmental heat sources to maintain body temperatures
100
endocrine gland
the gland that produces hormones into the surrounding fluids
101
endotherm
an organism that relies on internal heat sources to maintain body temperature
102
esophagus
a tubular organ that connects the mouth to the stomach
103
exocrine gland
the gland that produces chemicals
104
frontal lube
part of the cerebral cortex that contains the motor cortex
105
gallbladder
organ that stores and concentrates bile
106
glia
cells that provide support functions for neurons
107
hormone
a chemical released by cells in one area of the body
108
hypothalamus
brain structure that controls hormone release and body homeostasis
109
joint
the point at which 2 or more bones meet
110
kidney
the organ that performs essential functions in the body
111
large intestine
a digestive system organ that reabsorbs water
112
larynx
the voice box in the throat
113
liver
organ that produces bile for digestion
114
myofibril
the long cylindrical structures that like parallel to the muscle fiber
115
myofilaments
the small structures that make up myofibrils
116
nasal cavity
an opening of the respiratory system
117
neuron
a specialized cell that receives and transmits electrical and chemical signals
118
oral cavity
the point of entry of food into th digestive system
119
pancreas
gland that produces digestive juices
120
pancreas
organ located between the stomach and small intestine
121
parathyroid gland
the gland located on the surface of the thyroid
122
pharynx
the throat
123
rectum
the area of the body where feces is stored until elimination
124
salivary gland
one of the 3 pairs of exocrine glands
125
sarcolemma
the plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber
126
sarcomere
the functional unit of skeletal muscle
127
small intestine
the organ where digestion of protein, fats, and carbohydrates is completed
128
spinal cord
a thick fiber bundle that connects the brain with the peripheral nerves
129
stomach
a saclike organ containing acidic fluids
130
synapse
a junction between 2 eurons
131
thyroid gland
an endocrine gland located in the neck
132
trachea
tube-like structure that connects the larynx to the bronchi
133
ventricle
a large chamber of the heart that pumps blood into arteries
