BIO 140 FINAL Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
covalent bond
A
sharing of electron pairs, strong, enzyme breaks it
2
Q
isomer
A
diff geometric arrangements of same formula
3
Q
non covalent
A
weak, broken by heat
4
Q
polar covalent
A
unequal sharing of e- , hydrophilic, +/- partial charge
5
Q
hydrogen bond
A
hydrogen attached to highly electronegative atom O . THERE IS HYDROGEN
6
Q
of neutrons
A
calculated by subtracting the atomic number from the atomic mass; differentiates isotopes from same element
7
Q
mass number
A
protons and neutrons
8
Q
rows
A
same number of shells/ orbitals (rings)
9
Q
columns
A
number of valence e- (1-8). SHOW MORE SIMILARITY group/family
10
Q
higher H+
A
lower ph= acidic
11
Q
lower H+
A
higher ph= basic
12
Q
electronegative
A
exert greater force of shared e-, partial +/- POLAR COVALENT bond
13
Q
non polar covalent
A
equally sharing of e-
14
Q
ionic
A
metal and nonmetal, transfer/ donate electrons
15
Q
oxygen
A
electronegative, polar covalent bond
16
Q
hydrophobic
A
not dissolve in water, non-polar
17
Q
hydrophilic
A
dissolve in water , polar
18
Q
dissolve in water?
A
covalent( sugar) and ionic (salt)
19
Q
van der walls
A
prortein- protein, weak, due to transiet aysmmetries
20
Q
cell respiration
A
break down food for enegery to run
21
Q
proteins
A
proteins are polymers made up of monomers, complex, made up of amino acids
22
Q
nucleic acids
A
rna and dna
23
Q
lipids
A
not polymers bc not made up of same structure HYDROPHOBIC
24
Q
The discovery that DNA from killed virulent bacteria can transform live harmless bacteria, and therefore is the hereditary molecule, was based on the work of
A
Griffith/Avery, Macleod, and McCarthy
25
The leading and the lagging strands differ in that
the leading strand is synthesized in the same direction (5'-3')as the movement of the replication fork, and the lagging is synthesized in the opposite direction(3'-5')
26
what is the difference between the sugars moieties in DNA and RNA?
DNA contains deoxyribose which lacks a 2' OH group
27
lipid types
fats/ oils= energy, sugars= signal/ structure, phospholipids= make up cell membranes
28
electronegativity
A measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons
29
if a double stranded DNA has 10% Guanine, what percent Adenine would be expected?
10% Guanine - 10% Cytosine = 20%
100/20 =80
80/2 = 40% Adenine & Thymine
30
a covalent bond is likely to be polar when
one of the atoms sharing electrons is more electronegative than the other
31
The DNA template is read in the _____ direction and mRNA synthesis occurs in the ______ direction
3' to 5' ; 5' to 3'
32
Similarities and differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes
-Similarities: plasma membrane, cytosol, DNA, ribosomes, cell wall (only in some eukaryotes and the structures are very different)
-Differences: presence of a nucleus (and other membrane bound organelles), size
33
First law of thermodynamics
energy cannot be created or destroyed (the total energy of a system remains constant)
34
Second law of Thermodynamics
the degree of disorder in the universe tends to increase over time
35
Explains the terms antiparallel and complementary as they relate to DNA and RNA structure
-Antiparallel- one strand runs 5' to 3' and the other runs 3' to 5'
-Complementary- base pairing rules = A binds to T and G binds to C (purines bind with pyrimidines)
36
valenece electrons
number of electrons in outermost energy shell
37
micelles
A spherical structure in which lipids with bulky heads and a single hydrophobic tail are packed.
38
Exocytosis
when a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane
39
Physiological pH is 7.4. What is the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution at
physiological pH?
a. -7.4
b. 0.6 x 10-8
c. 1 x 10-7.4
d. 4 x 10-8
c. 1 x 10-7.4
HOW TO SOLVE:
pH = -log [H+]
[H+] = 1x10-pH
[H+] = 1 x 10-7.4
40
unsaturated fatty acid
Having one or more double bonds that introduce kinks in the phospholipids reducing the tightness of packing
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saturated fatty acids
no double bonds, resulting in phospholipids with a straight structure that favors tight packing
42
excision repair
corrects abnormal or damaged bases
43
mismatch repair
DNA containing the mismatch is removed then resynthesized
44
Hypertonic
one with higher solute concentration than that inside the cell (shrinks
45
Isotonic
when the concentration of two solutions is the same
46
hypotonic
Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution (moves into cell and bursts)
47
how does a lysosome maintain its low internal pH
by pumping hydrogen ions against their concentration gradient into the lysosome
48
lysosome
contains enzymes that break down macromolecules such as protons, lipids, and complex carbs
49
protein transporters that move in opposite directions.
antiporters
50
symporters/cotransporters
protein transporters that move two molecules in the same direction.
51
tRNAs move through the ribosomal sites in which order?
A, P, E
52
silent mutations
a nucleotide substitution that does not change the amino acid sequence (synonymous)
53
Misense mutation
changes the amino acid sequence
54
Nonsense mutation
can change an amino acid to stop a codon resulting in a shortened and unstable protein
55
hydrophilic
Attracted to water, polar
56
hydrophobic
not attracted to water, non polar
57
a molecule of water moving down its concentration gradient into a cell would require which type of transport?
passive transport through a channel or carrier protein
58
amphipathic
A molecule that has both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region.
59
Central Dogma
DNA-transcription-RNA-translation-protein
60
which type of mutation repair occurs soon after DNA replication
mismatch repair
61
prokaryotes
No nucleus
62
Eukaryote
A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
63
which type of RNA are involved in translation
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
64
lipid bilayer
a structure formed of 2 layers of lipids in which the hydrophilic heads are the outside surfaces of bilayer, and hydrophobic tails are sandwiched in between, isolated from contact with aqueous environment
65
diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
66
when a cell is placed in a certain solution, water flows out of the cell. what can be said about the solution surrounding the cell?
it has a higher concentration of solute than the inside the cell does
67
steps of cellular respiration
1. glycolysis
2. pyruvate oxidation
3. the citric acid cycle
4. oxidative phosphorylation
68
the citric acid cycle
Stage 2 of cellular respiration
Location: mitochondria matrix
What happens: The acetyl group of acetyl CoA is completely oxidized during the citric acid cycle
69
(T/F) If an enzyme inhibitor is similar in structure to an enzyme substrate it is likely to be a competitive inhibitor
true
70
Inhibitors
decrease the activity of enzymes
71
activators
increase the activity of enzymes
72
what is the direct energy source that drives the majority of ATP synthesis during cellular respiration
the proton-motive force across the inner mitochondria membrane
73
exergonic
spontaneous and release energy -ΔG
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endergonic
non spontaneous and require energy +ΔG
75
NADH is an electron _______ because it is ________
donor, reduced
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Oxidation
loss of electrons
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reduction
gain of electrons
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How is ATP generated in muscle cells
lactic acid fermentation, aerobic respiration, and B oxidation
79
Energy coupling always results in a net ________ ΔG which means the reaction is __________
negative, spontaneous
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energetic coupling
a process in which a spontaneous reaction drives a non-spontaneous reaction
81
catabolism
the set of reactions that break down molecules and release energy
82
anabolism
the set of reactions that build molecules and require energy
83
what is oxidized in cellular respiration
C6H12O6+ O2 → Oxidized (glucose and oxygen)
84
what is the electron donor and final electron acceptor in photosynthesis?
water is the electron donor and NADP+ is the final electron acceptor
85
substrate-level phosphorylation
The enzyme-catalyzed formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism.
86
oxidative phosphorylation
The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration.
87
2 Ways you can generate ATP during cellular respiration
1. Substrate level phosphorylation
2. Oxidative phosphorylation
88
2 Reactions of Photosynthesis
1. Calvin cycle- in which carbon dioxide is reduced to form carbohydrates
2. Light harvesting reaction- in which ATP and NAPH are generated to drive the Calvin cycle
89
Where does photosynthesis take place in eukaryotes?
Chloroplast
90
Where does the Calvin cycle occur?
stroma
91
the Calvin cycle
1. addition of co2 (carboxylation)
2. reduction
3. regeneration
92
what form of energy is stored in the chemical bonds of glucose?
potential
93
Heat (thermal energy)
kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules
94
kinetic energy
energy of motion
95
potential energy
stored energy
96
chemical energy
A form of potential energy that is stored in chemical bonds between atoms.
97
NAD+ is the _______ form while NADH is the _______ form
oxidized, reduced
98
NO HYDROGEN =
OXIDIZED
99
IF THERE IS A HYDROGEN =
REDUCED
100
what 2 places can protein be produced and when are they sorted?
1. free ribosomes in the cytosol = sorted after translation
2. membrane bound ribosomes on the rough ER = sorted during translation
101
What is the difference in carbon sources between autotrophs and chemotrophs?
-autrophs obtain carbon from co2
-chemotrophs obtain carbon from organic carbon compounds (glucose
102
in which level of protein structure will hydrogen bonds between amino acid R groups form?
tertiary and quaternary
103
what do enzymes change about a reaction?
they decrease the activation energy, increase the rate of the reaction
104
which cytoskeletal polymers are polar?
microtubules and microfilaments
105
The process of converting the “message” of mRNA into a sequence of amino acids is called:
translation
106
In prokaryotes, what site on the mRNA does the ribosome bind to initiate translation?
shine-dalgarno sequence
107
in eukaryotes, what site on the mRNA does the ribosome bind to initiate translation?
first AUG
108
what are the 3 stop codons
(UAA, UAG, UGA)
109
The movement of molecules across a membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration is best described as
passive transport
109
primary structure
sequence of amino acids
109
The steps of signal transduction in order are
Activation, transduction, response, termination
109
long distance cell signaling
signals are produced by specialized cells and released into the bloodstream, which carries them to target cells in distant parts of the body
109
When cells send a signal, it is often in the form of a secreted molecule. In some cases, a cell will secrete a molecule that binds to a receptor on its own cell surface. What type of signaling is this?
Autocrine
110
t/f Paracrine signaling allows neighboring cells to communicate over relatively short distances
t
111
At which stage of meiosis is each chromosome composed of a single chromatid?
anapahse II
112
During which stage of meiosis does crossing-over occur?
prophase I
113
During which phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle does DNA and chromosome replication occur?
S phase of interphase
114
Secondary structure:
a-helices or b-sheets
Secondary protein structure: hydrogen bonding of the peptide backbone causes the amino acids to hold into a repeating pattern
115
Tertiary structure:
Tertiary protein structure: 3D folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions
how the secondary structure comes together in a 3D space
116
Quaternary Structure:
multiple polypeptides coming together
Quaternary protein structure: protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain
117
Properties of Water
Ice floats on water; , cohesion, adhesion, high surface tension, slow heat reactance, universal solvent.
118
Monomer + Energy
= Polymer
119
Amino acid (monomer) + energy
= Protein (polymer)
120
Enthalpy (ΔH):
total energy, chemical (potential) energy in bonds
121
Free energy (ΔG):
energy to do work
122
Entropy (ΔS):
disorder or unavailable energy
123
Less disorder (-ΔS),
more chemical energy in bonds (+ΔH)
124
More disorder (+ΔS),
ess chemical energy in bonds (-ΔH
124
Energetic coupling:
spontaneous reaction (-ΔG) drives a non spontaneous reaction (+ΔG
125
Irreversible inhibitor:
forms covalent bonds with enzymes & irreversibly activates them
126
reversible inhibitor:
: forms weak bonds with enzymes and can therefore easily dissociate from them
127
Feedback Inhibition
Product from end of pathway binds to and turns off enzyme at the start of the pathway through an allosteric inhibitor
128
Catalyzed reaction means that
an enzyme was used
129
Hydrophobic effect:
Non-polar molecules repelled by water.
130
Activation Energies:
Enzymes stabilize transition states, reduce activation energy
131
Steps of Translation:
Initiation, Elongation, Termination.
132
Prophase:
chromosomes condense
133
Prometaphase:
microtubules of the mitotic spindle attach to chromosomes
134
Metaphase
: chromosomes align in the center of the cell
135
Anaphase:
sister chromatids (which become individual chromosomes when the centromere splits) scepter and travel to opposite poles
136
Telophase:
Nuclear envelope reforms and chromosomes decondense.
137
Does passive transport require energy?
no
138
does active transport require energy
yes
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