Bio Flashcards
(92 cards)
1
Q
What is a tissue
A
A group of same/simillar cells
2
Q
Name the type of tissue in plants that contains stem cells?
A
Meristem tissue
3
Q
Which plant does aspirin originate from?
A
Willow
4
Q
Suggest one reason why berries are used instead of leaves or roots.
A
Berries are easy to access or pick
5
Q
Calculate the mass of chemical A in 200 g of the leaves with chlorosis. Give your answer in mg.
A
0.6x1.2=0.72
0.72x2=1.44
1.44x1000=1440mg
6
Q
Suggest one reason why the leaves of the deadly nightshade plant have chlorosis.
A
Lack of chlorophyll
7
Q
7
Chemical A has not been tested in large-scale clinical trials in the UK.
It is important for drugs to be tested in clinical trials before the drugs are approved for
use by the public.
Give two reasons why.
A
To check dosage
To check efficancy
To chech toxcity
8
Q
There are many online reports making claims about the effects of chemical A. Some of these reports are biased.
Suggest one reason why a report making claims about the effects of chemical A may
be biased.
A
Competitors may suffer financal loss
9
Q
How can scientists be sure that claims about new drugs are valid?
A
Have the claims peer reviewed.
10
Q
Which part of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs?
A
A
11
Q
Which part of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs?
A
C
12
Q
A group of cells called the pacemaker controls the resting heart rate. Where in the heart is the pacemaker found?
A
Right atrium
13
Q
Describe two ways that the structure of an artery is different from the structure
of a vein.
A
Attery has a thicker muscle tissue
Artery has a thicker elastic tissue
14
Q
Predict the blood flow in coranry artery with a 35 percent blockage
A
18-24
15
Q
Explain the effect of a partly blocked coronary artery on the human body.
A
reduced blood flow to heart (muscle / tissue / cells)
• (so) less oxygen to heart (muscle / tissue / cells)
• (so) less glucose to heart (muscle / tissue / cells)
• (so) less (aerobic) respiration (in heart / body cells)
• (more) anaerobic respiration
• (so) less energy (released)
16
Q
Explain how one treatment for a blockage in a coronary artery works.
A
Insert stents to open coranry atery
Or use a artifical heart to keep the patient alive while waiting for a transplant
17
Q
How do Salmonella bacteria in food cause the symptoms of vomiting and diarrhoea?
[1 mark]
A
Bacteria releases toxins
18
Q
Explain how:
• the immune systems of animals respond to a vaccination
• the immune response in farm animals prevents an outbreak of food poisoning in
0 3 . 2
humans.
A
Vaccination of animal
• (animal’s) white blood cells / lymphocytes produce antibodies (against Salmonella / vaccine / antigens)
• antibodies are specific / complementary / correct to Salmonella
/ antigens
• (specific) antibodies bind to Salmonella / antigens
Secondary response in animal
• if infected (specific) antibodies are produced quickly or in large numbers
• (so) white blood cells or antibodies would kill (live) Salmonella
• (so) fewer / no bacteria / pathogens / Salmonella in animals or in animal products (meat / milk / eggs)
Prevention of food poisoning in humans
• (so) fewer / no bacteria / pathogens / Salmonella eaten or in (named) food
• (so) number of bacteria never reaches a high enough level for infection to develop
• (so) fewer toxins produced (in humans).
19
Q
Describe two aseptic techniques the scientists should have used in the investigation.
A
Work near a flame
Sterilize petri dish
20
Q
The scientists incubated the bacteria at 37 °C.
Students in school laboratories incubate bacteria at 25 °C.
Explain why scientists use 37 °C but students must use 25 °C to incubate bacteria.
A
37 °C is human / body
temperature
/ better at 37 °C
(25 °C)
25 °C reduces / prevents the growth of bacteria that are harmful to humans / students
21
Q
What is the purpose of the paper disc with no antibiotic in Figure 4
A
Acts as a control(not varaible)
22
Q
The scientists concluded that either antibiotic A or antibiotic B should be prescribed to patients with food poisoning.
Why should antibiotic A or antibiotic B be prescribed?
A
They killed most of the bacteria
23
Q
The scientists wanted to be more certain about which antibiotic should be prescribed.
Describe how the results in Figure 4 could be used to obtain a quantitative comparison of antibiotics A and B.
A
Measure the diameter of each clear area
24
Q
One year later, there was another outbreak at the farm involving Salmonella bacteria. Antibiotic B did not have an effect.
Suggest why antibiotic B no longer had an effect.
A
Bacteria must be resistant to antibiotic b
25
Antibiotics treat food poisoning because they kill Salmonella bacteria inside the human body.
Some antibiotics work because they damage the bacterial cell wall.
The bacteria die because the cells burst. Explain why the cells burst.
[3 marks]
water enters the (bacterial) cell (water enters) by osmosis
allow (water enters) b through a partially / se
(so) damaged / incomplete / no cell wall cannot withstand pressure (of water)
26
This question is about exercise.
During vigorous exercise, anaerobic respiration occurs in a person’s body.
Explain two effects of anaerobic respiration on the person’s body.
Oxygen debt caused by a build up of latic acid
Fewer muscle contractions as less energy is realsed
27
Design an investigation to show the effect of different types of exercise on the heart
rate of athletes.
test a group of athletes
• use at least two different types / intensities of exercise
• get each athlete to do all exercises or have a large (230) group doing each exercise
• record heart rate for each athlete before and after exercise or calculate increase in heart rate for each athlete after exercise
• calculate the mean increase in heart rates for each type / intensity of exercise
• compare mean increase in heart rates for each type / intensity of exercise
• control variables:
same (biological sex or mix of sexes
000000
same level of activity / exercise
same age
same caffeine / drug / medicine intake
same length of time for exercise no health issues / illnesses
return to resting heart rate before each exercise
28
Explain how taking anabolic steroids could improve an athlete’s performance.
[2 m
Athelete is stronger because more muscle mass stronger muscle contraction
29
What type of cell is created when a mouse lymphocyte and a tumour cell combine?
Hybridoma
30
Describe how scientists make monoclonal antibodies using the cell created when a
mouse lymphocyte and a tumour cell combine.
Cell is cloned many indentical cells are produced all the cells make the same antibody the antibody is purifed
31
What property makes a monoclonal antibody useful in detecting the presence of an
anabolic steroid in urine?
A monoclonal antibody is quick and easy to produce.
A monoclonal antibody is specific to only one person’s urine.
A monoclonal antibody only binds to the anabolic steroid.
A monoclonal antibody can identify many different drugs at the same time.
A monoclonal antibody only binds to the anabolic steroid.
32
Suggest the purpose of the control area in the test strip.
To show the test is working
33
Describe the evidence in Figure 6 that shows the test for athlete B has not worked.
Suggest one reason why the test did not work. Evidence
Reason
No visible blue dye in control area as nomfree monoclonal antibodies did not move up the test strip
34
Which athlete has tested positive for anabolic steroids in their urine
D
35
The protist that causes malaria is passed from one person to another person by mosquitos.
What term describes an organism that passes a pathogen from one person to
another person?
Vector
36
The malarial protist is a eukaryotic cell.
Describe three ways the structure of the malarial protist is different from the structure of a prokaryotic cell.
Do not refer to size in your answer.
Protist has mitochondria
Protist has a nucleus
Protist dont have a cell wall
37
During one stage of malaria infection, the malarial protists enter red blood cells and cause them to burst.
Explain why the bursting of red blood cells causes tiredness.
Less oxygen carried in blood so less energy realsed from respiration
38
The malarial protist reproduces sexually and asexually during a life cycle.
Complete Table 3 to give three differences between sexual reproduction and asexual
reproduction.
One difference has been completed for you
Sexual=involves gametes joing
Involves only meiosis
More energy required
Asexual=faster
Less energy required
Involves mitosis
39
Suggest how the drug prevents mitosis occurring.
Dna replication cannot occur
40
Describe the process of cell division by mitosis.
(after DNA replication) one set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell
nucleus divides
cytoplasm or cell membrane divides to form two cells
41
Describe what the results in Table 4 show about the interaction between disorder S
and malaria.
having disorder S reduces incidence / percentage of malaria
as age increases a lower percentage of children with disorder S get malaria until age 10, then the percentage increases
42
Complete the symbol equation for photosynthesis.
6h20+6co2-> c6h1206+602
43
Whichpartofthegraphcouldberepresentedbytheequationy=mx+c? Tick () one box.
From 0 to 5 000 lux
From 10 000 to 15 000 lux From 15 000 to 20 000 lux From 20 000 to 25 000 lux
0-5000
44
Give one way the student could change the colour of the light shining on the leaf discs.
Use differnt colour bulb
45
Indepedent and depdent variable of efefct of colour of light rate of photsythensis
Indepeednt is colour of light
Depdent is time
46
All of the air had to be removed from the leaf discs before placing them in the beaker.
0 6 . 5
Suggest one reason why.
So that discs woukd sink to the bottom of the beaker
47
Explain why sodium hydrogencarbonate solution was used instead of water
Relases carbon dixiode used for photsythensis
48
Explain why the leaf discs moved to the surface of the solution during the investigation.
Oxygen was produced in photosythenis oxygen trapped in leaf
49
.8 Suggest the advantage to a plant of having two types of chlorophyll.
Increase the rate of photsythenis
50
The leaf discs in the investigation are green.
Explain the results in Table 5 for blue light and for green light.
Use data from Figure 10 and Table 6.
chlorophyll absorbs most or a lot of blue light
Marl
1
chlorophyll absorbs least or very little or not much green light
if neither mark awarded allow
1 mark for chlorophyll absorbs more blue light (than green light)
allow chlorophyll reflects most of the green light
1
(so) discs in blue light took the least time to rise (to surface) because they photosynthesised faster / moreapproximately 80% of blue light absorbed
51
Many different species can live together in the same habitat.
What name is given to all of the organisms living in the same habitat?
Tick () one box. A community
A food chain
A population
An ecosystem
Community
52
2
Which species of bird in Figure 1 do scientists think are most closely related?[1 mark] Tick () one box.
Brambling and chaffinch Brambling and goldfinch Bullfinch and chaffinch Bullfinch and goldfinch
Brambling and chaffinch
53
Scientists think the brambling and the bullfinch belong to different species.
What evidence is used by scientists to classify the brambling and the bullfinch as
0 1 . 3
different species? Tick () one box.
The brambling and the bullfinch are different sizes.
The brambling and the bullfinch cannot breed together to give fertile offspring.
The brambling and the bullfinch live in different parts of the habitat. The brambling eats mainly seeds and the bullfinch eats mainly insects.
The brambling and the bullfinch cannot breed together to give fertile offspring.
54
4 Describe what happens to the number of birds of species A during the year.
constant (from Jan) to Mar / (mid-)Apr
increases (from mid-)Apr to / and May
decreases from May / Jun to
Dec
55
In June and July, a disease affected the populations of some of the species. Which species had the lowest resistance to the disease?
B
56
One species migrates between the UK and other countries.
Which species migrates between the UK and other countries? Give a reason for your answer.
D-because only presnent from may to sep
57
Which term describes the adjustment of focus from the distant object to the near object?
Tick () one box. Accommodation Adaptation Hyperopia Myopia
Accommodation
58
2
Which structure in Figure 3 is where the image is focused? Tick () one box.
B
59
Which structure in Figure 3 is a muscle that contracts when focusing on a near object? Tick the box
E
60
What happens to the shape of the lens when focusing on a near object?
Lens become fatter/wider/thicker
61
The eyes can function in dimly-lit areas and in brightly-lit areas. The iris contains muscles.
Describe how muscles in the iris help the person to see clearly when moving from a dimly-lit area to a brightly-lit area.
Muscles in the iris contract reduces size of pupil reudces amount of light enetering
62
It is important to be able to react quickly.
Many people think that drinking coffee decreases reaction time.
Plan an investigation to test the effect of drinking coffee on reaction time.
You should include:
• the test for reaction time that you would use • how to make the investigation valid.
• identification of method eg ruler drop
• correct details of method chosen eg hold ruler above thumb
• repetitions - at least two more times
• repeat with (at least 2 more) other students
• tested without coffee and with coffee or with different amounts of coffee
• calculate mean value with coffee and without coffee
• compare results with and without coffee
correct control variables for method chosen, eg:
• same age
• sex
• BMI
o amount of sleep
• volume / concentration / type of coffee o time interval between drinking and testing o control variable within method described
63
Suggest one advantage of growing tomato plants that are genetically different.
Desired characterstic
64
Suggest one advantage of growing tomato plants that are genetically identical.
They grow at the same rate
65
What is tissue culture?
Group of cells grown into a new organism
66
Genetically identical tomato plants growing in the same garden do not all grow to the same height.
Give one reason why.
Differnt amount of water
67
Why would you expect there to be three male offspring and three female offspring?
any one from:
• half are XX and half are XY
equal probability of X or Y sperm fertilising an egg (the Punnett square shows)
50% (chance of) male / female
68
Suggest two control variables the farmer should have used in this investigation.
[2 mar
Temprature
Amount of food
69
8
Figure 5 shows mean values from 500 chickens of each variety. Give the reason the farmer used a large number of chickens.
More accurate mean
70
The farmer wants to produce a new variety of chicken that is good for both meat production and egg production.
Describe how selective breeding of chicken varieties A and B can produce the new
variety of chicken
breed best of A and B (together)
select offspring with highest egg
numbers and heaviest / fastest growing
breed (these) offspring together
repeat over many / several
do not accept reference to
generations
71
Organic substances decay into simpler substances.
The leaves fall off many trees in autumn.
The dead leaves contain carbon compounds and nitrogen compounds.
Describe how carbon and nitrogen in compounds in the leaves are recycled and used by living trees.
You should include a description of:
• how the leaves are broken down
• how substances are taken in and used by the trees.
microorganisms / bacteria / fungi (cause decay)
• (named) enzyme used in decay / digestion
digestion or large molecules to small molecules
•
•
respiration by microorganisms production / release of carbon dioxide
• carbon dioxide is released into the air
• carbon dioxide taken in by stomata / leaves
• carbon dioxide used in photosynthesis
• making glucose / sugar / starch / cellulose / other named
example
• release of nitrate (ions) into the soil
• nitrate (ions) taken in (by roots)
• nitrate (ions) taken in by active transport
• nitrate (ions) for making amino acids / proteins / DNA / other
named example
72
Suggest one improvement the students could have made to the method(decay of milk)
Use more tempratures
73
The rate of pH change increases with an increase in temperature. The rate of pH change at 5 °C is 0.3 pH units per day.
Calculate how many times faster the rate of pH change is at 15 °C than the rate of pH change at 5 °C, at day 2.
You should draw a tangent on Figure 7.
6.5-4.5 divided by 4=0.5/0.3=1.67
74
Milk contains lipids.
The lipids are broken down when the milk decays.
Explain why the pH changes more quickly when the temperature is highe
More bacteria produced lipids broken down quickly fatty acids produced ,ore quicly which changes ph
75
Explain how the concentration of substance Q in the blood is controlled by negative feedback.
Use information from Figure 8.
if (concentration of substance)
Q becomes high (hormone) A is released / used
if (concentration of substance)
Q becomes low (hormone) B is released / used
hormone(s) / A / B brings (concentration of) substance Q
back to ideal / normal
76
Thyroxine is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland.
A decrease in body temperature causes an increase in thyroxine production.
Explain how the production of thyroxine causes an increase in body temperature.
Thyroxine increases metablosim reperation realses energy
77
The concentration of ADH in a man’s blood was 3.75 nanograms/dm3. The concentration of ADH in his blood decreased to 1.25 nanograms/dm3.Explain how the decrease in the concentration of ADH would cause the changes to the urine shown in table 2
(kidney) tubules less permeable to water
(so) less water is reabsorbed
Ex
(so) more water in urine causing increased rate of production (of urine)
(so) more water in urine causing lower concentration of dissolved substances (in urine)
78
Explain what causes the changes in the carbon dioxide concentration in the air: • from 0 to 6 hours
• from 8 to 12 hours.
The processes of photosynthesis and respiration affect the carbon dioxide concentration in the air.
Figure 9 shows the changes in the carbon dioxide concentration in the air in a tropical rainforest during one day.
The data are mean daily values over a whole year.
Figure 9
Use information from Figure 9. 0 to 6 hours
8 to 12 hours
(0 to 6h):
in the dark so (only) respiration occurs
(respiration) produces carbon dioxide
(8 to 12h):
in the light so photosynthesis (rate) is faster than respiration (rate)
Extra informatic
ignore reference to anin
allow no / limited light so respiration occurs
allow night(time) so (on respiration occurs
rKI
idea of net / overall uptake of carbon dioxide
79
The maize grows for only 6 months of the year.
Explain why replacing rainforest with maize will increase the carbon dioxide concentration in the air after one year.
Use information from Figure 9 and Figure 10.
field of maize only takes in carbon dioxide for 6 months of the year (compared to all year)
(and) field of maize takes in less carbon dioxide per day than rainforest
80
The values plotted in Figure 11 are percentages of the results for the control areas.
Explain why the scientists presented their results as percentage
For comparison because differnt areas started with differnt numbers of species
81
During the 100 years, the biodiversity of trees in the regenerating rainforest increases.
06.4 Give one other conclusion you can make from Figure 11.
Number of tree species increased rapidly at first
82
06.5 Give two reasons why an increase in the diversity of trees in the rainforest leads to an
increase in animal diversity.
More differnt types of food avaiilble
More shelters
83
Give evidence from Figure 12 that the follicles in the ovaries release oestrogen.
As volume of folicle rises oestrogen concentrayion in the blood rises for 7 days
84
Injection of FSH caused the development of a number of follicles. The mean diameter of the follicles on day 11 was 22 millimetres.
Calculate the number of follicles in the woman’s ovaries on day 11. Assume each follicle is a sphere.
r = radius π = 3.14
Give your answer to the nearest whole number.
4/3x3.14x11^3=5572
39000/5572=7
85
. 3
Before treatment with FSH, the woman had underdeveloped breasts.
Explain why the lack of FSH in the woman’s blood caused underdeveloped breasts.
Lack of fsh causes lack of oestrogen production breast dvelopment is depdent on oestrogen from follices
86
The woman continues to have injections of FSH.
The woman has a child with a man who is heterozygous for the FSH gene.
Explain why the probability that the child will be able to produce FSH is 0.5.
Mother has hh so passes h father has Hh so pases H or h with equal probailty so child will be Hh with 0.5 pribailty and produces fsh
87
Give the number of chromosomes in one cell in Figure 13: • at the start of meiosis
• at the end of meiosis.
Start End
Start=16
End=8
88
Explain why the change in the number of chromosomes is important.
(meiosis) forms gametes
(two gametes) fuse / fertilise
(so) keeps chromosome number constant (from generation to generation)
89
Meiosis produces cells that are genetically different.
Describe how meiosis produces cells that are genetically different.
Random chromsone from each pair moves to one end of the cell
90
What type of substances are labelled A, C, G and T in Figure 14?
Bases
91
DNA is made of nucleotides.
How many nucleotides are shown in Figure 14?
12
92
A wide variety of species exists on Earth.
Most scientists accept Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection as the explanation for this variety of species.
Explain how our understanding of evolution has developed due to:
• fossil evidence
• increased understanding of the mechanisms of genetics.
Fossil evidence:
fossils show evidence of life in the past fossils show change over time
fossil record shows development of species over time fossils show evidence of extinction
• fossil record shows how organisms from the past are related to species alive today
gaps in fossil record
gaps in fossil record are being filled in with new evidence ref to evolutionary trees
description of how fossils are formed
Genetics:
• ref to Mendel's breeding experiments with plants
• Mendel's description / idea of units / factors of inheritance
• dominant and recessive units / alleles / genes
• observation of chromosome behaviour during cell division chromosome behaviour and Mendel's units work in similar ways structure of DNA worked out
gene mechanism in determining protein synthesis worked out
• (genetic) variation in a species
• (variation) due to mutation or change in gene (structure) individuals with advantageous characteristics more likely to
survive
• individuals with advantageous characteristics more likely to reproduce
(survivors) pass on (advantageous) alleles / genes
eg of evolution (such as antibiotic resistance in bacteria) new species arise when sufficient changes occur to prevent (successful) reproduction
