Bio Flashcards
(89 cards)
1
Q
What’s active transport
A
The movement of substances from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution with the use of energy from respiration
2
Q
What cell differentiation
A
The process where a cell becomes specialised to its function
3
Q
What’s a cell membrane
A
A partially permeable barrier that surrounds the cell
4
Q
What’s a cell wall
A
An outer layer made of cellulose that strengthens plant cells
5
Q
What’s a chloroplast
A
An organelle which is the site of photosynthesis
6
Q
What are chromosomes
A
DNA structures that are found in the nucleus which are made up of genes
7
Q
What’s concentration gradients
A
The difference in concentration between two areas
8
Q
What’s diffusion
A
The spreading out of the particles of any substance in solution or particles of a gas resulting in a net movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
9
Q
What a Eukaryotic cell
A
A type of cell found in plants and animals that contain a nucleus
10
Q
What’s a mitochondria
A
An organelle which is the site of respiration
11
Q
Whats mitosis
A
A type of cell division which produces two genetically identical daughter cells from one parent cell
12
Q
What’s a nucleus
A
An organelle found in most eukaryotic cells that contain the genetic material of the cell and controls the activities of the cells
13
Q
What’s organelle
A
A specialised structure found inside a cell
14
Q
What’s osmosis
A
The diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated through a partially permeable membrane
15
Q
What’s a prokaryotic cell
A
A type of cell found in bacteria that does not contain a nucleus
16
Q
What are specialised cells
A
Cells that are adapted to perform a specific function
17
Q
What’s a stem cell
A
A undifferentiated cell tbag can divide to produce many specialised cells of the same type
18
Q
What’s therapeutic cloning
A
Producing an embryo that has the same genes as the patient
19
Q
What’s plasmid
A
Loops of DNA found in cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells
20
Q
What’s a vacuole
A
An organelle that stores cell sap
21
Q
What’s amylase
A
An enzyme produce in the salivary glands and pancreas that breaks carbohydrates into simple sugars
22
Q
What’s an aorta
A
The main artery that takes oxygenated blood away from the heart
23
Q
What’s an artery
A
A blood vessel that carries blood at high pressure away from the heart
24
Q
What’s a Benign tumour
A
An abnormal cell growth that is contained within one area
25
What’s bile
A substance made in liver and stored in the gallbladder which is use to neutralise stomach acid in the intestine and emulsify fats
26
What’s cancer
A non communicable disease caused by changes in the cell that lead to uncontrolled growth and division
27
What’s a capillary
A very thin blood vessel that is used for exchange of substances
28
What’s coronary heart disease
A disease cause by the buildup of fatty deposits inside the coronary artery narrowing it and reducing blood flow to the heart tissue
29
What are enzymes
Biological catalysts that increase the rate of reactions in living organisms
30
What is lipase
An enzyme that is produced in the pancreas that breaks lipids down into fatty acids and glycerol
31
What’s a malignant tumour
A cancerous cell growth that invades neighbouring tissues and can spread to different parts of the body in blood
32
What’s metabolism
All of the chemical reactions occuring in an organism
33
What’s a pulmonary artery
The main artery that takes oxygenated blood back to the heart
34
What’s a pulmonary vein
The main vein that takes oxygenated blood back to the heart from the lungs
35
What xylem
A transport tissue in plants which is specialise to transport water and dissolved minerals from the roots of the plant to the leaves
36
What are antibiotics
Medicines that help to cure bacterial disease
37
What’s a double blind trial
A study performed where neither the researcher or the patients know wether the patient is taking a placebo or the real drug
38
What’s malaria
A disease cause by a protist thag cause the recurrent episodes of fever
39
What’s measles
A serious disease caused by a virus that shows symptoms of fever and red skin rash
40
What’s a pathogen
Microorganisms that cause infectious disease
41
What’s rose black spot
A fungal disease where purple or black spots develop on leaves which often turn yellow and drop early
42
What’s tobacco mosaic virus
A widespread plant pathogen affecting many species of plants which produces a mosaic patter on the leaves and limits the plant growth
43
What’s white blood cell
An important type of cell thag makes up the immune system and produces antibodies and antitoxins
44
What’s aerobic respiration
A form of respiration that uses oxygen to release energy from molecules like glucose
45
Aerobic respiration
Glucose + oxygen —-> carbon dioxide + water
46
Anaerobic respiration
A form of respiration that releases energy from molecules like glucose without using oxygen
47
Anaerobic respiration equation
Glucose —> lactic acid
48
What’s photosynthesis
An endothermic reaction in which energy is transferred from the environment to the chloroplast by light
49
What is a tissue?
A group of the same / similar cells
50
Name the type of tissue in plants that contain stem cells
Meristem
51
Name the type of tissue in plants that contain stem cells
Meristem
52
Which plants does aspirin originate from?
Willow
53
Where in the heart is the pacemaker found
Right atrium
54
How is the structure of an artery different to a vein
Artery has thicker muscle
Artery does not contain valves
55
What the effect of a partly blocked coronary artery on the human body
Reduces blood flow to heart
Less oxygen to heart
So less glucose to heart
Less aerobic respiration in heart
More anaerobic respiration so less energy released
Less muscle contraction
56
Give an example of a treatment for a blockage in a coronary artery
Use an artificial heart to kept the patient alive while waiting for a transplant
57
How does salmonella cause symptoms of vomiting a diarrhoea
Bacteria releases toxins
58
How does immune systems in animals respond to vaccination and how does it prevent food poisoning in humans
White blood cells produce antibodies
Antibodies bind to salmonella so no bacteria in animals
Fewer pathogens in food
The number of bacteria never reaches a high enough level for infection to develop
59
How does immune systems in animals respond to vaccination and how does it prevent food poisoning in humans
White blood cells produce antibodies
Antibodies bind to salmonella so no bacteria in animals
Fewer pathogens in food
The number of bacteria never reaches a high enough level for infection to develop
60
Explain why cells burst when bacteria dies form antibiotics damaging the cell wall
Water entered cell by osmosis so damage cell wall cannot withstand pressure of water
61
Two affects of anaerobic respiration on a persons body
Muscle fatigue caused by lactic acid
Heavy breathing to provide the oxygen needed to break down lactic acids
62
What term desfiles an organism that passes a pathogen from one person to another and
Vector
63
Factors of asexual and sexual production
Sexual
-involves fertilisation
-there genetic variation
-slower
Asexual
- faster
- doesn’t involve fertilisation
- no genetic variation
64
Descubre the process of cell devision in mitosis
After DNA replication one set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell, then the nucleus divides and cytoplasm divides to form two cells
65
How to test for proteins
1) place test sample into test tube
2) add equal amount of biuret reagent and mix
3) the colour will change from blue to purple of protein is present
66
How are enzymes specific to to a substrate
A diagram showing active site of enzyme had a complimentary shape to the substrate molecule. The active site of the enzyme has a unique shape, only a substrate with a complimentary shape can fit and bind to form an enzyme substrate complex
67
How to carry out a test for reducing sugars
1) Place test sample into a test tube
2) Add an equal amount of Benedict’s reagent
3)Heat in water bath for 5 minutes
4) Colour will change from blue to either green ,yellow or red depending on the amount of reducing sugar present
68
What is the function of phloem tissue
To transport food substances around the plant. This process is called translocation
69
Whats transpiration
The evaporation and diffusion of water from the leaves of the plant
70
How does bile help digestion
Bike neutralises stomach acid to raise the pH so protease enzyme can work. It also emulsifies fats to give them a larger surface area for lipase to work
71
How does bile help digestion
Bike neutralises stomach acid to raise the pH so protease enzyme can work. It also emulsifies fats to give them a larger surface area for lipase to work
72
How to test for starch
Place test sample into test tube
Add a few drops of iodine solution and mix
The colour will change from orange to blue / black if starch is present
73
Whats the function of xylem
To transport water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the stem and the leaves. This is called the transpiration stream
74
What party of the digestive system absorbs nutrients into blood stream
Small intestine
75
Describe how the structure of an artery is related to its function
Thick layers of muscle for strength and elastic fibres do that they can spring back to help withstand high blood pressure
76
Why does the left ventricle have a thicker more muscular wall then the right ventricle
The left ventricle had to pump blood at a high pressure so that it can reach all the body cells. Whereas the right ventricle only had to pump blood to the lungs
77
What do red blood cells do
Transport oxygen
78
What do white blood cells do
Defend against pathogens
79
What does plasma do
Liquid part of the blood, carried many substances e.g glucose
80
What do platelets do
Help clot blood
81
What are statins
Drugs that reduce the amount of LDL cholesterol in the blood and do reduce the build up of fatty deposits in the coronary arteries
82
Adv and disadv of stents
Adv - patients can recover quickly and they are effective for a long time
Disadv- risk of patient developing a blood clot near the stent which can lead to hear attack
83
How does the fatty material build up lead to heart attack in coronary heart disease
The layers of fatty material block the coronary arteries and restrict blood flow to heart muscles cells. This results in lack of oxygen and the heart muscle cells stops respiring which can lead to a heart attack
84
Whats rejection in a transplant of a heart
When the body’s immune systems attacks and destroys the donor heart muscle cells
85
Name the group of cells that control the resting heart rate
Pacemaker
86
Describe how vaccinations prevent illness
Introduces small quantised of dead or inactive virus, this stimulates white blood cells to produce aintibodies. if the live pathogen enters the body the white blood cells recognise it and respond quickly
87
How is the digestive system adapted to reduce entry of microorganisms
The stomach produces hydrochloric acid thag destroys pathogens
88
What’s an antigen
Unique protein on the surface of cells
89
What’s an antibody
Produced by white blood cells to recognise specific antigens
