BIO 160 Chapter 3

Question 1

organic compounds

Answer 1

are carbon based molecules

Question 2

hydrocarbon

Answer 2

are the simplest organic compounds, contains only carbon and hydrogen

Question 3

Methane

Answer 3

simplest hydrocarbon, Carbon, 4 Hydrogens

Question 4

larger hydrocarbons

Answer 4

contain fat

Question 5

macromolecules

Answer 5

Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Nucleic Acid

Question 6

polymers

Answer 6

many monomers

Question 7

monomers

Answer 7

smaller molecules

Question 8

functional groups

Answer 8

groups of atoms that usually participate in chemical reactions

Question 9

Hydroxyl groups

Answer 9

-OH

Question 10

Carboxyl groups

Answer 10

-COOH

Question 11

How are macromolecules created?

Answer 11

chemical reactions

Question 12

dehydration reactions

Answer 12

join monomers to create polymers, take out water

Question 13

hydrolysis reactions

Answer 13

break polymers into monomers, adds a molecule of water

Question 14

Carbohydrates

Answer 14

sugars and polymers of sugars

Question 15

Carbohydrates in Animals

Answer 15

source of dietary energy and raw material for producing other compounds

Question 16

Carbohydrates in Plants

Answer 16

make up plant body and cell wall

Question 17

monosaccarides

Answer 17

carbohydrate monomer subunit, simple sugar that cannot be broken down by hydrolysis

Question 18

C6H12O6

Answer 18

glucose, fructose

Question 19

isomers

Answer 19

same molecular formula but different structures

Question 20

disaccharide

Answer 20

double sugar, by dehydration reaction
Lactose (glucose+galactose=milk)
Sucrose (glucose+fructose=table sugar)

Question 21

polysaccharides

Answer 21

complex carbohydrates, made of long chains of sugar units Ex. starch , glycogen, cellulose

Question 22

lipids

Answer 22

hydrophobic molecules

Question 23

hydrophobic

Answer 23

water fearing

Question 24

hydrophillic

Answer 24

water loving

Question 25

triglycerides

Answer 25

glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Question 26

triglyceride functions

Answer 26

energy storage, insulation, cushioning

Question 27

unsaturated

Answer 27

have fewer than the maximum hydrogens, fish oil and plant oils, liquid at room temp

Question 28

saturated

Answer 28

have the maximum number of hydrogens, animal fats, solid at room temperature,Contributes to atherosclerosis (plaque formation)

Question 29

hydrogenation

Answer 29

converts unsaturated fats to saturated fats, by adding hydrogen, creates trans fats

Question 30

steroids

Answer 30

have different structure of 4 carbon rings

Question 31

cholesterol

Answer 31

provides fluidity to cell membranes, used to make estrogen and testosterone

Question 32

synthetic anabolic steriods

Answer 32

variants of testosterone, may cause physical/mental problems, may be describeds as treatment, maybe abused by athletes to enhance performance.

Question 33

proteins

Answer 33

polymers from amino acid monomers, perform most tasks required for life, form enzymes that catalyze chemical reactions

Question 34

amino acids

Answer 34

have a carboxyl group, amino group, hydrogen atom and functional group (R)

Question 35

How are proteins made?

Answer 35

amino acids form peptide bonds by dehydration reactions

Question 36

protein primary structure

Answer 36

linear sequence of amino acids

Question 37

protein secondary structure

Answer 37

is facilitated by hydrogen | bonds along the polypeptide backbone

Question 38

protein tertiary stucture

Answer 38

is facilitated by bonds between | the a R-groups

Question 39

protein quaternary structure

Answer 39

facilitated by bonds | between two or more polypeptide chains

Question 40

denaturation

Answer 40

occurs when a protein unravels or loses its shape ex. high heat and eggs

Question 41

nucleic acid

Answer 41

``` are macromolecules that store information and provide directions for building proteins. • Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) • Ribonucleic acid (RNA) ```

Question 42

chromosomes

Answer 42

made up of DNA

Question 43

genes

Answer 43

are specific stretches of DNA that determines the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

Question 44

nucleic acid monomers

Answer 44

nucleotides

Question 45

nucleotide make up

Answer 45

5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen-containing base

Question 46

DNA Nucleotide base

Answer 46

* Adenine (A) * Guanine (G) * Cytosine (C) * Thymine (D)

Question 47

DNA vs RNA

Answer 47

– Two strands of DNA join together to form a double helix. • Hydrogen bonding occurs between bases of either DNA strand – A pairs with T – G pairs with C – RNA has ribose sugar and contains uracil (U) instead of thymine (T)

Question 48

sugar phosphate backbone

Answer 48

repeating pattern of sugar-phosphate-sugar

Question 49

when complex, contains many subunits in chains or branches

Answer 49

Carbohydrates

Question 50

made of long carbon chains, but do not have repeating subunits

Answer 50

Lipids

Question 51

not typically used for energy production

Answer 51

Nucleic Acids

Question 52

subunits are amino acids

Answer 52

Proteins

Question 53

used to speed up chemical reations

Answer 53

Proteins

Question 54

used for storing, transmitting, and executing genetic information

Answer 54

Nucleic Acid

Question 55

can serve as structural support for cells in some organisms

Answer 55

Carbohydrates

Question 56

subunits are composed of a nitrogenous base, 5-carbon sugar, and phosphate group

Answer 56

Nucleic Acid

Question 57

subunits are joined to each other with peptide bonds

Answer 57

proteins

Question 58

some function as hormones

Answer 58

lipids

Question 59

subunits are called mono saccharides

Answer 59

carbohydrates

Question 60

energy-storing molecules that are typically insoluble in water

Answer 60

lipids

Question 61

subunits each have the same core structure but the side chains differ

Answer 61

proteins

Question 62

the three dimensional shape of the molecule is essential for it to function correctly

Answer 62

proteins

Question 63

may be useful as padding or insulation

Answer 63

lipids

Question 64

subunits are formed from carbon rings

Answer 64

carbohydrates

Question 65

the two forms of these molecules differ based on whether they form one chain of subunits or two chains of connected subunits

Answer 65

nucleic acid

Question 66

most prevalent molecule in cell membranes

Answer 66

lipids

Question 67

energy storing molecule, typically water soluble

Answer 67

carbohydrates

Question 68

subunits are nucleotides

Answer 68

nucleic acids