BIO-168-003 Flashcards
(149 cards)
1
Q
Epithelial tissue
A
Composed of one or more layers of tightly packed cells and it contains little to no extracellular matrix. Covers the body, lines cavities, and forms glands.
2
Q
Connective tissue
A
Composed of cells, protein fibers, and ground substances.
.
3
Q
Muscle tissue
A
Consists of cells that are highly specialized for the active generation of force for contraction. Can elongate and change shape by becoming either shorter or thicker.
4
Q
Nervous tissue
A
Composed of neurons and glial cells.
5
Q
Subdivisions/Connective Tissue; loose connective tissue
A
Areolar, Adipose, Reticular
6
Q
subdivision/connective tissue; Dense connective tissue
A
Dense Regular, Elastic, Dense irregular
7
Q
Subdivision/connective tissue; supportive connective; cartilage
A
Hyaline, fibrocartilage, Elastic
8
Q
Subdivision/connective tissue; Fluid connective tissue
A
Blood, lymph
9
Q
Ectoderm
A
Epidermis, glands on skin, nervous system, skin cells, neurons
10
Q
Mesoderm
A
Connective tissue, skeletal muscle, red blood cells, smooth muscle
11
Q
Endoderm
A
lining the airway, and digestive system
12
Q
Thick skin
A
Palms, hands, soles of the feet. No hair, 5 layers
13
Q
Thin skin
A
Covers the body, 4 layers, sweat glands
14
Q
Meissner’s corpuscle
A
fine touch
15
Q
hair follicle receptor
A
crude touch
16
Q
Merkel disc
A
light touch
17
Q
Pacinian corpuscles
A
deep pressure, vibration, proprioception
18
Q
Ruffini corpuscles
A
sensitive to stretching of skin
19
Q
Free nerve ending
A
Pain and temperature
20
Q
Hair
A
A keratinous filament
21
Q
Nail Bed
A
Rich in blood vessels
22
Q
Nail body
A
protects the tips of fingers/toes, back support
23
Q
Lateral nail fold
A
Anchors the nail body
24
Q
Sebaceous gland
A
oil gland found everywhere, waterproofs skin and hair
25
Skin cancer
An accumulation of DNA mutations
26
Basal cell
epidermis, most common
27
Squamous cell
Middle-outer layers of skin
28
melanoma
Highly metastatic; develops in the cells
29
epidermis wound
cell regeneration
30
Dermal wound
Inflammatory, Migration, proliferation and maturation
31
5 functions of the nervous system
sensation, response, integration, homeostasis, mental
32
Central nervous system
Brain, spinal cord
33
Peripheral nervous
Ganglion, nerves
34
Astrocyte
CNS, blood-brain barrier, repair
35
Ependymal
CNS, cilia, makes cerebral spinal fluid
36
Schwann
PNS, forms on mylier, axons
37
microglia
CNS, phagocytosis of bacteria, debris immune cell
38
Oligodendrocyte
CNS, forms mylien on axon
39
Satellite
PNS, surrounds & protects neurons
40
Multipolar Neuron
Dendrites attached to their cell bodies, one long axon
41
Bipolar neuron
2 processes, not very common, one axiom and one dendrites, found in olfactory epithelium and ventricles
42
Unipolar neuron
One long axon from cell body, at one end of axon is the dentries, axon forms synaptic connection
43
Somatic
Responsible for conscious perception, voluntary motor responses
44
Automatic
Involuntary control
45
Resting potential
when ion channels are all closed
46
Depolarization
A shift in cell membrane charge, crucial for nerve signal transmission, muscle contraction
47
repolarization
The return of a cell membrane to its resting potential after depolarization
48
Hyperpolarization
Increase in the membrane potential of a cell, making it more negative than its resting potential after depolarization
49
refractory period
When the sodium-potassium pump "corrects" the location of NA+ and K+
50
Brainstem
A "tapering cone", connects the brain to the spinal cord
51
Medulla oblongata
Regulates the cardiovascular and respiratory system
52
Pons
Bridge between the cerebellum & brainstem therefore highly involved in motor controls
53
diencephalon
Connection between the cerebrum& the rest of the nervous sytem
54
Hypothalamus
Involved in the regulation of homeostasis and regulation of the pituitary gland
55
pineal gland
Sleep/wake cycle
56
cerebellum
balance, movement, fine motor, muscle tone
57
frontal
language, planned movements
58
parietal
Includes all tactile senses
59
Temporal
Auditory, smell, memories
60
Occipital
Sight
61
Facial Nerve
Anterior part of tongue
62
Glossopharyngeal
Posterior part of tongue
63
Vagus
Extreme posterior part of tongue, gag reflex
64
Olfactory
smell
65
optic
seeing
66
auditory
Hearing
67
integration
processing of sensory information
68
Myelin sheath
Protective covering around nerve fibers
69
summation
Adding up signals in a neuron
70
synapse
Gap between nerve cells where they communicate by sending chemical/electral signals
71
Neurotransmitter
Chemical messenger
72
rods
Very sensitive to lights, cannot detect color, shades of gray, found primarily in peripheral vision, 120 million
73
Cones
color vision, 6-7 million, double layer disc w/ photopigments and photopsins
74
static
head position
75
Dymanic
head movement
76
Hyaline
Most bones develop from this, growth & repair, chondroblasts make cartilage matrix
77
Fibro
found between vertebral disc, joint capsules, ligaments
78
elastic
Found in external ear, larynx
79
osteoid
made by osteoblast, organic component, collagen
80
Matrix
A complex structure made of organic & inorganic components
81
diaphysis
Shaft of bone runs between distal and proximal ends of the bone
82
Epiphysis
Knobs at the end of the bone
83
metaphysis
growth zone
84
articular cartilage
a thin layer of hyaline over epiphysis
85
medulla cavity
contains yellow bone marrow in adult, hollow
86
periosteum
Dense irregular connective tissue covering bone where there is no cartiliage, location of blood vessels
87
Endosteum
Line the medullary cavity, growth repair remolding
88
osteogenic cells
stem cells, undifferentiated cells that become osteoblast
89
osteoblast
Immature bone cells that form bone matrix, becomes trapped in matrix and becomes osteocytes
90
osetocytes
Maure osteoblast cells; live in lacunae
91
Osteoclast
degrade bone to initiate bone remolding
92
chondroblast
produce matrix of cartilage
93
Long bones
Longer than wide, movement and support
94
short bones
Long as wide, provide support and little movement
95
Irregular bones
varying in size
96
flat bones
thin, curved, protect internal organs
97
sesamoid bones
small, round, forms in tendons
98
Endochondral Ossification: step 1
Cartilage model of the future bone is formed
99
Endochondral Ossification: step 2
Cartilage grows and gets surrounded by membrane which will become the future periosteum
100
Endochondral Ossification: step 3
Blood vessel invade cartilage, bringing osteoblast that replace cartilage with spongy bone at the primary ossification center
101
Endochondral Ossification: step 4
Appear in the epiphyses of bone, forms spongy bone
102
Endochondral ossification: step 5
The epiphyseal plate allows of lengthwise growth of the bone while the cartilage is replaced by bone
103
Endochondral ossification: step 6
Eventually, the epiphyseal plate closes, and all cartilage is replaced by bone, resulting in a mature bone
104
steps in bone repair:step 1
6-8 after a fracture hematoma is formed
105
steps in bone repair: steps 2
cells within hematoma develop into fibroblast, which makes collagen. Collagen forms a soft callus to stabilize the facture bone
106
steps in bone repair: step 3
The fibrocartilaginous callus is slowly replaced by stronger bony callus, made by spongy bone, created by osteoblast
107
steps in bone repair: step 4
Osteoclasts remove excess bony tissue, restoring the bone's strength/shape
108
Fascia
Broad tendon
109
sarcolemma
Cell membrane of muscle fiber
110
T-tubules
Indentations of sarcolemma, penetrate the fibers, brings membrane close to SR; forms a trad
111
muscle fatigue
The inability of a muscle to contract in response to the nervous system signals
112
muscle relaxtion
Occurs when the nerve impulse stops
113
tetany
Involuntary contraction of muscles that lead to pain
114
muscle tension
The force generated when a skeletal muscle is stimulated to contact
115
Isometric Contraction
when the skeletal muscle tension is insufficient to overcome resistance
116
muscle tone
partially contracted, helps humans stay up right and move
117
Skeletal muscle
Multi-nucleated, long, cylindrical, striated, voluntary; attached to bones
118
cardiac muscle
Branching fibers that connect, intercalated disks, 1 or 2 nuclei, only found in the heart, striated and involuntary
119
Smooth muscle
Single nucleus, spindle-shaped fibers, non-striated muscle fibers
120
sarcomere
Basic functional unit of striated muscle fibers
121
myosin
arrange themselves to create thick filament
121
actin
need for movement for contraction, sliding mechanism that lets muscles to contract and relax
122
events at NMJ: step 1
Nerve impulse reaches NMJ
123
events at NMJ: step 2
voltage -gated calcium channels open, calcium moves into cell
124
events at NMJ: steps 3
Acetylcholine released into synaptic cleft
125
events at NMJ: steps 4
ACH diffuses across left
126
events at NMJ: steps 5
Ach binds to receptors on motor end plate
127
events at NMJ: step 6
ligand-gated na+ channels open na+ and diffuses into the muscle fibers
128
events at NMJ: step 7
depolarization of muscle fibers
129
events at NMJ: step 8
Action potential rapidly spreads along entire membrane
130
events at NMJ: step 9
membrane repolarizes resting membrane potential is restablished
131
events at NMJ: step 10
acetylcholinesterase removes ach form cleft receptors and recycles its components be used again
132
Description of sliding filament model
Thin filaments are pulled past thick filaments. myofilament does not change length during muscle contraction, they slide over. Sliding only occurs when myosin-binding sites are exposed and calcium is present. During contraction actin filaments move forward to the center of the sarcomere, the sarcomere shortens.
133
muscle contraction steps: step 1
Atp binds to each myosin
134
muscle contraction steps: step 2
transfers phosphate
135
muscle contraction steps: step 3
action potential travels down the sarcolemma
136
muscle contraction steps: step 4
Ca+ releases channels open in SR
137
muscle contraction steps: step 5
ca+ binds to troponin
138
muscle contraction steps: step 6
Tropomyosin moves off the myosin binding site on the actin
139
muscle contraction steps: step 7
myosin molecules change shape- power stroke pulls actin filament towards h-zone
140
muscle contraction steps: step 8
Atp binds to the myosin
141
muscle contraction steps: step 9
Myosin head detaches form actin & returns to cocked position and process start all over again
142
glycosis
Breakdown of glucose in cytosol of the cell
142
Creatine phosphate
a molecule with a high energy chemical bond, helps regenerate atp
143
aerobic cellular respiration
glycolysis in the presence of oxygen allows for pyrate to continue to be broken down in the mitochondria with additional production of atp
144
hypertrpohy
an increase in size of muscles, due to increase in myofibrils
145
Atrophied
Decrease in muscle size, Structal proteins are lost and muscle mass decrease
146
myoglobin
A molecule unique to muscle tissue, provides an extra source of oxygen for muscles
147
hemoglobin
found in red blood cells, releases oxygen when needecd
