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1
Q

Who executed Guru Arjan Dey?

A

Guru Arjan Dey was executed by Jahangir.

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2
Q

What was the impact of Guru Arjan Dey’s execution on the Sikhs?

A

The execution made the Sikhs hostile towards the Mughals.

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3
Q

Who was executed during Aurangzeb’s rule for defending his faith?

A

Guru Tegh Bahadur, the ninth guru, was executed.

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4
Q

What did the Sikhs do after Guru Tegh Bahadur’s execution?

A

The Sikhs took up arms to defend their faith.

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5
Q

What custom did Guru Gobind Singh introduce?

A

Guru Gobind Singh introduced the custom of pahul (baptism by sweetened water stirred with a dagger).

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6
Q

What is the Khalsa?

A

The Khalsa is a disciplined brotherhood formed by those who were baptized.

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7
Q

What name were men given after joining the Khalsa?

A

Men were given the name Singh (lion).

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8
Q

What were the five distinctive items every Khalsa member had to wear?

A

The five items were kesh (uncut hair), kanga (comb), kirpan (dagger), kara (steel bangle), and kachchha (underpants).

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9
Q

What is the Guru Granth Sahib?

A

The Guru Granth Sahib is regarded as the eternal guru after Guru Gobind Singh.

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10
Q

What movement began in South India in the seventh century?

A

The Bhakti Movement began in South India.

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11
Q

Who were the Alvar and Nayanar saints?

A

They were saints who composed hymns and hagiographies.

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12
Q

What are Devaram and Duyaprabandham?

A

They are collections of Nayanar and Alvar hymns, respectively.

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13
Q

Who composed Tiruvasagam?

A

Tiruvasagam is a collection of hymns composed by Manikkavasagar, a Nayanar saint.

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14
Q

What philosophy did Shankaracharya preach?

A

Shankaracharya preached the advaita philosophy.

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15
Q

What philosophy did Ramanuja preach?

A

Ramanuja preached the vishishtadvaita philosophy.

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16
Q

What did the Nathpanthis practice?

A

The Nathpanthis practiced nirguna bhakti through yoga.

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17
Q

What did the Virashaivas, led by Basava, condemn?

A

They condemned the caste system, idol worship, meaningless rituals, and discrimination against women.

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18
Q

Who were some notable bhakti saints of Maharashtra?

A

Notable saints include Jnaneshwar, Narmadeva, Tukaram, Ekanath, and Chokhamela.

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19
Q

What is Jnaneshwar known for?

A

Jnaneshwar wrote Jnaneshwari, a Marathi commentary on the Bhagavad Gita.

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20
Q

Who were among the worshippers of Lord Krishna?

A

Worshippers included Ravidas, Mirabai, Vallabhacharya, Surdas, Chaitanyadeva, and Shankaradeva.

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21
Q

What did Ramananda and Tulsidas promote?

A

They spread the message of devotion to Lord Rama.

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22
Q

What is Sufism?

A

Sufism is an offshoot of Islam that preaches devotion to God and brotherhood among men.

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23
Q

Who established the Chishti order in India?

A

The Chishti order was established by Khwaja Muin-ud-din Chishti.

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24
Q

Who established the Suhrawardi order in India?

A

The Suhrawardi order was established by Shah Baha-ud-din Zakariya.

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25
What languages did Sufi and bhakti saints preach in?
They preached in local languages and rejected caste discrimination.
26
What did Kabir believe in?
Kabir believed in a single formless god who could be worshipped in various ways.
27
What did Kabir reject?
Kabir rejected meaningless rituals and all forms of social discrimination.
28
Where can collections of Kabir's verses be found?
Collections are found in the Adi Granth of the Sikhs, the Kabir Granthavali, and the Bijak.
29
Who founded Sikhism?
Guru Nanak Dev founded Sikhism.
30
What did Guru Nanak Dev reject?
He rejected caste discrimination, idol worship, and rituals.
31
How did Guru Nanak Dev preach the worship of God?
He preached the worship of a formless god through the guidance of a guru.
32
What is the holy book of the Sikhs?
The holy book of the Sikhs is the Guru Granth Sahib.
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38
What did the Virashaiva movement reject?
The Virashaiva movement rejected the caste system and meaningless rituals.
39
Who was Akkamahadevi?
Akkamahadevi was a renowned Virashaiva saint and writer, and the daughter of a prosperous merchant.
40
What were the Vaishnava saints of Maharashtra called?
They were called Varkaris.
41
Who were some notable saints that popularised Vitthala worship?
Jnaneshwar, Namadeva, Tukaram, and Ekanath were among the saints who popularised Vitthala worship.
42
What is an abhang?
Abhangs are devotional poems composed in the Marathi language by the saints.
43
What significant work did Jnaneshwar write?
Jnaneshwar wrote the Jnaneshwari, a Marathi commentary on the Bhagavadgita.
44
What was the Lingayat or Virashaiva Movement?
The Lingayat or Virashaiva Movement began in Karnataka and gained strength in the twelfth century.
45
Who was Basava?
Basava, also called Basavanna, was one of the leaders of the Virashaiva movement.
46
Who was Chokhamela?
Chokhamela was a Varakari poet of Pandharpur, considered untouchable, who advised his followers to share in the pain of others.
47
What is the significance of Mirabai?
Mirabai attained fame through her devotional songs called bhajans.
48
Who was Surdas?
Surdas was a blind poet and musician associated with the Krishna temples of Agra and Mathura, known for composing Sursagar.
49
What did Chaitanyadeva popularise?
Chaitanyadeva popularised Krishna worship through devotional songs.
50
Who was Tulsidas?
Tulsidas wrote Ramacharitamanas, one of the most respected literary works on Lord Rama's life.
51
What did Shankaradeva establish?
Shankaradeva established namghars for religious discussions, collective prayer, and social functions.
52
What was the Sufi Movement influenced by?
The Sufi Movement was influenced by Hindu, Greek, and Buddhist religious ideas.
53
What did Sufi philosophy reject?
Sufi philosophy rejected the strict code of social conduct enforced by the ulema.
54
What philosophy did Ramanuja preach?
Ramanuja preached the vishishtadvaita philosophy, which stressed on devotion through love.
55
Who was Ramanuja?
Ramanuja was a Vaishnava saint of the twelfth century.
56
What are mathas?
Mathas are centres of learning and worship that grew into important pilgrimage centres.
57
Name some important pilgrimage centres.
Important pilgrimage centres include Badrinath, Puri, Dwarka, and Shringeri.
58
What philosophy did Shankaracharya preach?
Shankaracharya preached the advaita philosophy, which emphasizes understanding and uniting with the universal soul called Brahma.
59
Who was Shankaracharya?
Shankaracharya was an eighth-century saint who set up a system of exercises for mental and physical control.
60
What is yoga?
Yoga is a system of exercises for mental and physical discipline.
61
Who were the Nathpanthis?
The Nathpanthi sect practised nirguna bhakti and condemned caste-based restrictions.
62
What did Ramanuja preach about the soul?
Ramanuja preached that the soul retains its identity even after uniting with Brahma.
63
Who were the followers of Nathpanthi preachers?
Nathpanthi preachers had followers from all castes, including low-caste professionals such as tanners, washermen, oilpressers, cobblers, and fishermen.
64
What was the impact of bhakti saints in North India?
The teachings of bhakti saints influenced Brahmans and non-Brahmans, including Shudras and untouchables.
65
What is the origin of the word 'Sufi'?
The word 'Sufi' is derived from 'suf', meaning wool.
66
Why were Sufis called so?
Sufis were called so because they wore coarse garments made of wool.
67
Where did Sufis live?
Sufis lived in khanqahs (hermitages) which resembled monasteries.
68
What activities took place in khanqahs?
People gathered at khanqahs for collective devotional singing, spiritual discussions, and advice on problems.
69
What is the relationship between a pir and his disciples?
The pir (religious teacher) trained his disciples in practices such as zikr, penance, fasting, holding of breath, and sama.
70
What did Sufis preach?
Sufis preached devotion to God, brotherhood among men, and kindness towards fellow beings.
71
What was the Sufi belief regarding God?
Sufis believed in one God and accepted that there could be many ways of reaching Him.
72
How did Sufis interact with society?
Sufis mixed freely with all sections of society and preached in local languages.
73
What are silsilahs in Sufism?
Sufis were organized in several silsilahs (orders), each with its distinctive tariqat (method of instruction and rituals).
74
Which Sufi orders became popular in India?
The Chishti and Suhrawardi silsilahs became popular in India.
75
Who established the Chishti order in India?
The Chishti order was established in India by Khwaja Moin-ud-din Chishti.
76
What was Kabir's background?
According to legend, Kabir was brought up by a Muslim weaver after being abandoned by his mother in Varanasi.
77
Who was Kabir's guru?
Kabir was a disciple of the bhakti saint Ramananda of Varanasi.
78
What did Kabir believe about God?
Kabir believed that God is one and formless (nirguna), despite different religious groups giving Him different names and forms.
79
What did Kabir reject?
Kabir condemned discrimination based on religion, caste, and wealth, and rejected meaningless rituals.
80
How did Kabir convey his messages?
Kabir conveyed simple messages through different types of poems, including dohas, bishnupads, and sakhis.
81
What language did Kabir's verses use?
Kabir's verses were composed in the Bhojpuri language mixed with a newly evolved language called Urdu.
82
What is the significance of the Granth Sahib?
The Granth Sahib is sacred to the Sikhs and contains collections of Kabir's verses.
83
What was a significant result of the mixing of cultures during the medieval period in India?
The development of new religious ideas.
84
How were tribal communities integrated into the caste system?
Many tribal communities were gradually absorbed as sub-castes of the four main castes.
85
Which gods and goddesses were accepted forms of tribal deities?
The gods and goddesses of these tribes were accepted as forms of Shiva, Vishnu, Parvati, and Lakshmi.
86
What determined social status and professions in medieval India?
Social status and professions were caste-based and decided at birth.
87
What was the belief regarding changing one's social status in the next birth?
People believed that one's social status could change in the next birth only by performing certain rituals and obeying caste rules in the present birth.
88
What alternatives did some people seek to escape social discrimination?
Some people tried to escape social discrimination by converting to Buddhism and Jainism, which preached social equality.
89
What opportunities arose from the growth of trade and new crafts?
The growth of trade and new crafts created opportunities for people to change their caste-based professions.
90
What did the Bhakti Movement emphasize?
The Bhakti Movement emphasized devotion and not complex rituals to worship God.
91
Where and when did the Bhakti Movement begin?
The Bhakti Movement began in South India around the seventh century in the Vishnu and Shiva temples of Tirupati and Kanchi.
92
Who were the Alvar and Navanar saints?
The Alvar saints were Vaishnavas (devotees of Lord Vishnu), and the Navanar saints were Shaivas (devotees of Lord Shiva).
93
What social issues did the Bhakti Movement address?
The movement promoted caste equality and reduced social evils.
94
Which rulers supported the Bhakti Movement?
The Chola, Chera, and Pandya rulers of South India supported the movement by building temples for the bhakti gods.
95
Who were some of the renowned Nayanar saints?
Among the 63 legendary Nayanar saints were Appar, Nanasambandar, and Sundaramurti.
96
Who were some of the renowned Alvar saints?
Periyalvar, his daughter Andal, Tiruppan, Tondaradippodi, and Nammalvar were among the 12 renowned Alvar saints.
97
What types of works did the Navanar and Alvar saints compose?
They composed hymns and hagiographies (biographical hymns in praise of saints).
98
What are the collections of hymns associated with Nayanar and Alvar saints?
Devaram and Divyaprabandham are collections of Nayanar and Alvar hymns respectively.
99
What is Tiruasagam?
Tiruasagam is an excellent collection of hymns composed by Manikkavasagar, a Nayanar saint.
100
What does the hymns composed by the saints reveal?
The hymns tell us that the saints came from various castes.

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