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1
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

Variety of life on Earth, includes the range of species, genetic variations, and ecosystems

Crucial for the ecosystem’s stability and resilience

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2
Q

What is genetic diversity?

A

Variety of genes within a species; allows populations to adapt to changing environments, resist diseases, and maintain overall health

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3
Q

What is species diversity?

A

Range of different species in a given area; includes number of species (richness) and their relative abundance (evenness)

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4
Q

What is ecosystem diversity?

A

Variety of ecosystems within a given region, each having its own unique community of organisms and processes

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5
Q

What are the main threats to biodiversity?

A
  • Habitat Loss
  • Climate Change
  • Pollution
  • Invasive Species
  • Overexploitation
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6
Q

What defines a species according to the species concept?

A

Species are groups of interbreeding populations, defined by distinct physical traits and evolutionary history

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7
Q

Who discovered the cell and in what year?

A

Robert Hooke in 1666

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8
Q

What did Anton Van Leeuwenhoek contribute to cell theory?

A

First to study magnified cells, naming them animacules in 1674

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9
Q

What is the Cell Theory?

A
  • All known living things are made up of cells
  • A cell is the structural and functional unit of all living things
  • Cells come from pre-existing cells
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10
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Most common form of cell division in somatic eukaryotic cells, primarily for growth, repair, and development

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11
Q

What happens during the interphase of mitosis?

A

Period between two consecutive mitoses; majority of time cells perform regular functions

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12
Q

What occurs during prophase of mitosis?

A

Nuclear envelope starts to break down, chromatin condenses into chromosomes, and centrosomes duplicate

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13
Q

What is the metaphase stage of mitosis?

A

Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate, and microtubules attach to each centromere

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14
Q

What happens during anaphase of mitosis?

A

Identical chromosomes are pulled apart towards opposite poles of the cell

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15
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

Last step in mitosis, involves the physical separation of cytoplasm, creating two daughter cells

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16
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Form of cell division for sexual reproduction, forming sex cells in reproductive organs

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17
Q

What occurs during prophase 1 of meiosis?

A
  • Chromosomes condense
  • Homologous chromosomes pair (synapsis)
  • Crossing over occurs
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18
Q

What is the end product of Meiosis I?

A

2 cells with half of the original chromosomes, each with 2 non-identical sister chromatids

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19
Q

What is the final product of meiosis II?

A

4 haploid cells, each with unique DNA

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20
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

Process where a glucose molecule is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvate in the cytoplasm

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21
Q

What is the Krebs Cycle?

A

Final pathway of oxidation of glucose, fats, and amino acids, occurs in the mitochondrial matrix

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22
Q

What is the electron transport chain?

A

Final stage of aerobic respiration, located on the inner mitochondrial membrane

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23
Q

What are the two types of transport mechanisms?

A
  • Passive Transport
  • Active Transport
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24
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Diffusion of water across a membrane

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25
What is anabolism?
Building of molecules from simple to complex; requires energy
26
What is catabolism?
Breaking down of molecules from complex to simple; releases energy
27
What is epithelial tissue?
Covers all body surfaces, lines body cavities and hollow organs, and is the major tissue in glands
28
What are the types of epithelial tissue shapes?
* Squamous * Cuboidal * Columnar * Pseudostratified Columnar
29
What are the main functions of connective tissue?
* Binds structures together * Supports organs * Stores fat * Transports substances * Protects against diseases * Helps repair damaged tissue
30
What is muscular tissue responsible for?
Movement, support, protection, heat generation, and blood circulation
31
What is nervous tissue responsible for?
Coordinating and controlling body activities such as stimulating contraction and detecting environmental changes
32
What is the function of the circulatory system?
Supplies oxygen and nutrients, carries wastes and carbon dioxide out, and transports hormones
33
What is the difference between open and closed circulatory systems?
* Open: Blood pumped into hemocoel * Closed: Blood pumped through vessels
34
What is the heart's primary function?
To pump blood throughout the body
35
What are the chambers of the heart?
* Atria * Ventricles
36
What is the role of valves in the heart?
Separates chambers and prevents backflow of blood
37
Fill in the blank: The process of 'cell eating' is known as _______.
Phagocytosis
38
Fill in the blank: The process of 'cell drinking' is known as _______.
Pinocytosis
39
What are the upper chambers of the heart called?
Atria (Atrium) ## Footnote Receives blood coming into the heart and pumps it into ventricles
40
What are the lower chambers of the heart called?
Ventricles ## Footnote Pumps blood out of the heart
41
What is the function of the heart valves?
Separates the chambers of the heart and prevents the backflow of blood
42
Which valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle?
Tricuspid Valve
43
Which valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle?
Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve
44
What do pulmonary arteries carry?
Deoxygenated blood to the lungs from the heart
45
What do pulmonary veins carry?
Oxygenated blood to the heart from the lungs
46
What is coronary circulation?
Supplies blood to all the cells of the heart
47
What is the flow of deoxygenated blood through the heart?
Vena Cava - Right atrium - Tricuspid Valve - Right Ventricle - Pulmonary Valve - Pulmonary Artery - Lungs
48
What is the flow of oxygenated blood through the heart?
Pulmonary vein - Left atrium - Mitral Valve - Left Ventricle - Aortic Valve - Aorta - Body
49
What is the role of the circulatory system?
Transporting oxygen, nutrients, and wastes throughout the body
50
What are the components of the human respiratory system?
Trachea, Lung, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli, Diaphragm, Nasal & Oral cavity, Pharynx, Larynx
51
What is the function of the diaphragm?
Contracts & flattens to allow chest expansion for breathing
52
Fill in the blank: The process of gas exchange occurs in the _______.
Alveoli
53
What is the function of the nervous system?
Controlling, regulating, and communicating in the body
54
What is the primary function of the brain?
Responsible for responses, sensation, movement, emotions, communication, thought processing & memory
55
What do sensory neurons do?
Take sensory information from the environment and send it to the brain
56
What is the role of motor neurons?
Communicate information from the brain to tissues and other organs
57
What is the function of the spinal cord?
Sends motor commands from the brain to the body and sensory commands from the body to the brain
58
What is the role of the excretory system?
Remove wastes from the body such as CO2, water, nitrogen, salts, and heat
59
What are the primary elements that make up living beings?
* Carbon * Hydrogen * Nitrogen * Oxygen
60
What are the four types of organic biomolecules?
* Carbohydrates * Lipids * Proteins * Nucleic Acids
61
What is the basic unit of heredity?
Gene
62
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
63
What is the process of copying DNA called?
Replication
64
Fill in the blank: The observable physical trait of an individual is known as its _______.
Phenotype
65
What is Mendel's Law of Segregation?
Each organism carries two alleles for each trait, which segregate during gamete formation
66
What is the difference between dominant and recessive alleles?
* Dominant: Expressed * Recessive: Only expressed in absence of dominant
67
What is a mutation?
Changes in DNA sequence that can lead to alterations in proteins
68
What are microorganisms?
An organism that is microscopic, can be bacteria, fungi, archaea, protists, algae, or viruses
69
What is the classification of bacteria by shape?
* Cocci: Spherical * Bacilli: Rod-shaped * Spirochetes: Spiral-shaped
70
What is the difference between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria?
* Gram-Positive: Show blue or purple, have thick cell walls * Gram-Negative: Show pink or red, have thin cell walls
71
What are cylindrical or rodlike bacteria called?
Bacteria ## Footnote Cylindrical or rodlike bacteria are commonly referred to as bacilli.
72
What shape do spirochetes have?
Spiral-shaped ## Footnote Some spirochetes are serious pathogens for humans, causing diseases such as syphilis and Lyme disease.
73
What are bacteria that need oxygen called?
Aerobes ## Footnote Aerobes require oxygen for their metabolic processes.
74
What are bacteria that do not need oxygen called?
Anaerobes ## Footnote Anaerobes can grow in environments devoid of oxygen.
75
What color do Gram-positive bacteria show after gram-staining?
Blue or purple ## Footnote Gram-positive bacteria have thick cell walls that retain the dye.
76
What color do Gram-negative bacteria show after gram-staining?
Pink or red ## Footnote Gram-negative bacteria have thinner cell walls and do not retain the dye.
77
What is the function of the cell wall in bacteria?
Provides structural support and protection ## Footnote The cell wall is composed of a peptidoglycan mesh-like structure.
78
What are pili?
Small hairlike projections ## Footnote Pili assist in attaching to other cells and surfaces.
79
What is the role of ribosomes in bacteria?
Translates genetic code to amino acids ## Footnote Bacterial ribosomes are smaller than those of eukaryotes.
80
What is the function of the capsule in bacteria?
Keeps the bacterium from drying out and protects it from phagocytosis ## Footnote The capsule is made of polysaccharides.
81
What is the cytoplasm in bacteria responsible for?
Cell growth, metabolism, and replication ## Footnote The cytoplasm contains no membrane-enclosed nucleus.
82
What is the nucleoid?
Region of cytoplasm where chromosomal DNA is located ## Footnote The nucleoid does not have a membrane-bound nucleus.
83
What occurs during the lag phase of bacterial growth?
Bacteria adjust to environment and metabolize ## Footnote This phase may be very short if nutrients are abundant.
84
What characterizes the log or exponential phase of bacterial growth?
Rapid bacterial multiplication ## Footnote This phase includes binary fission, where one bacterium splits into two.
85
What happens during the stationary phase of bacterial growth?
Bacterial growth dwindles due to waste accumulation ## Footnote If transferred to a new culture, rapid growth may resume.
86
What is the death phase in bacterial growth?
Bacteria lose ability to reproduce ## Footnote This phase can occur quickly after growth ceases.
87
What temperature conditions do bacteria thrive in?
Extreme heat or cold ## Footnote Bacteria have varied temperature preferences for growth.
88
What are acidophiles?
Bacteria that grow best at pH values near 3 ## Footnote They thrive in acidic environments.
89
What are alkaliphiles?
Bacteria that grow best at pH values above 9 ## Footnote They thrive in alkaline environments.
90
What are viruses classified based on?
Size and shape, chemical composition, structure of the genome, and mode of replication ## Footnote This classification helps in understanding their behavior and treatment.
91
What is a capsid?
Protein shell surrounding viral nucleic acid ## Footnote Some viruses also have an outer envelope composed of lipids and proteins.
92
What is the first step in the life cycle of a virus?
Viral entry ## Footnote This involves recognition of viral receptors by a virus particle.
93
What is the role of attachment factors in viral entry?
Facilitates interaction between virus particles and entry receptors ## Footnote They help hold virus particles to the cell surface.
94
What are the two methods of penetration for enveloped viruses?
* Direct fusion * Receptor-mediated endocytosis ## Footnote These methods allow the virus to enter the cytoplasm.
95
What is uncoating in the viral life cycle?
Viral genome exposure to cellular machinery ## Footnote This occurs during the virus's approach to the replication site.
96
What is the exit process for viruses?
Capsid assembly, release, maturation ## Footnote Viral particles are released via cell lysis.
97
What is symbiosis?
Close and long-term biological interaction of different species ## Footnote It can encompass mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism.
98
What is mutualism?
Relationship where both species benefit ## Footnote This type of symbiosis enhances survival for both organisms.
99
What is parasitism?
Relationship wherein one benefits at the expense of the other ## Footnote This often leads to harm for the host organism.
100
What is the role of microorganisms in biogeochemical cycles?
Contributes to ecosystem sustainability ## Footnote They play key roles in nutrient cycling.
101
What is asepsis?
Methods to prevent contamination by pathogens ## Footnote Aseptic techniques are crucial in medical and laboratory settings.
102
What is the purpose of culturing microorganisms?
Growing microorganisms in controlled conditions ## Footnote This is essential for studying their properties and behaviors.
103
What does immunology study?
The immune system's protection against pathogens ## Footnote It encompasses various aspects of immune responses.
104
What is immunity?
The body’s ability to recognize and eliminate foreign substances ## Footnote Immunity can be innate or acquired.
105
What are the three lines of defense in host defense mechanisms?
* 1st Line: Skin & Mucous membranes * 2nd Line: White blood cells and inflammatory response * 3rd Line: Active immune response ## Footnote These lines provide varying levels of defense against pathogens.
106
What is the first line of defense in the immune system?
Skin & mucous membranes ## Footnote These act as physical barriers against pathogens.
107
What is the function of phagocytes?
Engulf foreign materials ## Footnote Macrophages and neutrophils are the most important phagocytes.
108
What is fever in the context of immune response?
Raising body temperature to slow down pathogens ## Footnote It is induced by pyrogens and plays a role in the immune response.
109
What are interferons?
Proteins that protect against viral infections ## Footnote They are secreted by infected cells to warn neighboring cells.
110
What does the complement system do?
Enhances the immune response ## Footnote It comprises approximately 30 proteins that participate in immune functions.
111
What are the three types of T-Cells?
* Helper T-Cells * Cytotoxic T-Cells * Memory T-Cells ## Footnote Each type has distinct roles in the immune response.
112
What are antigens?
Foreign organic substances that stimulate antibody production ## Footnote Antigens can be found on the surface of bacteria and viruses.
113
What are antibodies?
Proteins called immunoglobulins that participate in immune reactions ## Footnote They help neutralize foreign substances.
114
What is humoral immunity?
Involves the production of antibodies to recognize and destroy microbes ## Footnote It is also known as antibody-mediated immunity.
115
What is cell-mediated immunity?
Involves T-Cells attacking infected cells directly ## Footnote It does not involve antibodies.
116
What is immunological memory?
Persistence of memory B and T cells for faster response to pathogens ## Footnote This allows for a more effective immune response upon re-exposure.
117
What is natural acquired immunity?
Immunity gained through exposure to pathogens ## Footnote This occurs naturally when the body encounters a pathogen.
118
What is artificial acquired immunity?
Immunity acquired through vaccination or antibody transfer ## Footnote This is a deliberate method to enhance immune protection.
119
What are vaccines?
Materials that can artificially induce immunity to an infectious disease ## Footnote They stimulate the immune system without causing the disease.
120
What are the properties of an ideal vaccine?
* Contains sufficient antigenic determinants * Minimal side effects * Does not cause disease ## Footnote These properties ensure effective and safe vaccination.
121
What are monoclonal antibodies?
Identical antibodies produced from a single clone of B cells ## Footnote They are used in diagnostics and therapies.
122
What is genetic engineering?
Manipulates DNA for various applications ## Footnote It includes the production of monoclonal antibodies.
123
What can happen during organ transplants regarding the immune system?
Rejection of foreign tissue ## Footnote Immunosuppressive drugs are often used to reduce this risk.

Biology-MEDEE (1 decks)

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