Bio Flashcards
(25 cards)
Interphase
Longest phase of the cycle and has G1, S and G2
g1 phase
Cell produces proteins and organelles and performs normal functions. It checks if conditions are ok for DNA replication if not it goes into G0 resting phase
S phase
cell grows and produces proteins while it replicates DNA so each chromosome has 2 sister chromatids
G2 phase
Cell synthesizes proteins needed for mitosis and checks for DNA errors. Also grows and prepares for mitosis
Mitosis
Cell divides into two identical sets
Prophase
The chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes Nuclear membrane breaks down. Miotic spindle made of microtubules, begins to form and attaches to the centromeres of the chromosomes.
Metaphase
Chromosomes align along the middle of the cell, known as the metaphase plate.
Spindle fibers fully attach to the centromere of each chromosome.
telophase
Nuclear membrane starts to re-form around chromosomes at each pole. Separated chromatids de-condense back into chromatin
Anaphase
The sister chromatids are pulled apart toward opposite ends of the cell by the spindle fibers.
Cytokinesis
Cytoplasm splits into two separate daughter cells
What happens when a cell grows larger
It has more trouble moving nutrients in and waste products out
How does 2n and 2n go into a zygote that has 2n
Each person has 2n but they undergo meiosis and go from 46 chromosomes to 23 chromosomes so that changes it from 2n to N and n and n is 2n
What happens to the zygote
It starts dividing and goes through Mitosis after 10 hours, Mitosis-cell division
Homogenous pair
Chromosomes with different codes from 2 parents.
Chromatid
Dna that is condensed during the G1 phase They show when dna is about to replicted
Chromosomes
replicated chromatid
Shortest and longest time for cell division
Shortest-8 minutes Longest-Forever
Internal regulators
Proteins that respond to things inside the cell
External regulators
Proteins that respond to things outside of the cell. When they feel something outside the cell they tell the cell to stop dividing.
Cyclins
They activate a CDK (Cyclin Dependent Kinases). The cyclins rise and fall in concentration during the cell cycle. This leads the cell to keep advancing in the cell cycle.
What is the P53 gene
Over 50% of cancer cases come from a defect in the P53 Gene and it produces proteins that stop cyclins from being made
Apoptosis
Programed cell death
Differentiation
Where cells are set to do a specific type of thing
What do stem cells do and go through
Differentiation and they can make more of themselves
