bio

Question 1

Central Dogma

Answer 1

The genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein

Question 2

Centromere

Answer 2

It is a region of DNA found near the middle of a chromosome where two identical sister chromatids come in contact.

Question 3

Chromosome

Answer 3

is the thread-like structure that packages and organizes the DNA around proteins called histones.

Question 4

Chromatid

Answer 4

one-half of two identical copies of a replicated chromosome joined by a single centromere and separated during cell division to become individual chromosomes at anaphase

Question 5

Euchromatin

Answer 5

loosely packed chromatin that is easily accessible by transcription enzymes and actively transcribed

Question 6

Heterochromatin

Answer 6

tightly packed chromatin that is not actively transcribed.

Question 7

Denaturation

Answer 7

The separation of the two strands of DNA without breaking the major bonds of its chain

Question 8

Exons

Answer 8

The protein-coding DNA sequences of a gene

Question 9

Gene

Answer 9

an ordered sequence of nucleotides located in a particular position on a particular chromosome that encodes a specific functional product (protein or RNA)

Question 10

Genome

Answer 10

All the genetic material in the chromosomes of a particular organism; its size is generally given as its total number of base pairs

Question 11

Histone

Answer 11

A type of basic protein that packed long DNA molecules into a nucleus

Question 12

Intron

Answer 12

DNA base sequence within a gene that is not translated into protein

Question 13

Linker DNA

Answer 13

is a double-stranded DNA between two nucleosome cores

Question 14

Melting temperature (Tm)

Answer 14

The temperature at which the two strands of DNA are dissociated

Question 15

Noncoding DNA

Answer 15

DNA segments that do not contain instructions for making proteins

Question 16

Nucleosome

Answer 16

a segment of DNA wrapped around a set of eight histone proteins which are known as a histone octamer. Each histone octamer is composed of two copies each of the histone proteins H2A, H2B, H3, and H4

Question 17

Nucleotide

Answer 17

It is the building block (monomer) of nucleic acid which consists of three components: pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), nitrogen base (purine or pyrimidine), and a phosphate group

Question 18

Nitrogenous base

Answer 18

A nitrogen-containing molecule having the chemical properties of a base

Question 19

Nucleic acid

Answer 19

A large molecule composed of nucleotide subunits

Question 20

Purine

Answer 20

A type of double-ring base (Adenine and Guanine)

Question 21

Pyrimidine

Answer 21

A type of single-ring base (Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil)

Question 22

Renaturation

Answer 22

The inverse process of denaturation where complementary strands of nucleic acids return to their original form

Question 23

Promoter

Answer 23

a region of DNA where RNA polymerase and other proteins bind directly to facilitate the transcription of a particular gene

Question 24

Operator

Answer 24

the region between the promoter and the first gene act as an “on-off switch”, it is the DNA binding site of the repressor protein

Question 25

Operon

Answer 25

refers to a group of closely linked genes, arranged under a common promoter and regulated by a common operator whose mRNA is synthesized in one piece, which together codes for various enzymes of a particular biochemical pathway

Question 26

Solenoid Structure

Answer 26

The packed arrangement of DNA in eukaryotic produced by coiling the continuous string of nucleosomes

Question 27

Supercoil

Answer 27

A closed double-stranded circular DNA molecule that is twisted on itself in prokaryotes

Question 28

Telomere

Answer 28

It is a region of repetitive DNA at the ends of chromosomes that protects the end of the chromosome from destruction

Question 29

Telomerase

Answer 29

Enzymes that add a telomere repeat sequence to the 3' end of the telomere and make sure that the lagging strand is completed correctly at the terminal ends

Question 30

Topoisomerase

Answer 30

Enzyme that can wind and unwind the tightly coiled DNA to control the synthesis of proteins

Question 31

Transcription

Answer 31

process in which one DNA strand is used as a template to synthesize a complementary RNA

Question 32

Transcription factor

Answer 32

a protein that binds to specific DNA sequences and controls the transcription of genetic information from DNA to mRNA