Bio

Question 1

Generic food web

Answer 1

Producers get energy from sun, consumed by consumers , consumed by more consumers

Everything is broken down by decomposes, releasing carbon, or becomes humas

Question 2

Soil food web

Answer 2

More complicated

First tropic level: photosynthesizers

Second: decomposers, mutualis, pathogens, parasites, root feeders

Third: shredders, predictors, grazers

Fourth: higher level predator

Fifth: higher lever predators

Question 3

Shredders

Answer 3

Ants, termites, break down in into smaller pieces

Question 4

Functional redundancy

Answer 4

Lots of species occupy same niche

More resiliency, other species can fill in if there are issues

Question 5

Timeline

Answer 5

2 bil years: not much

3.5: microbial life evolves

470 ma: mosslike plants evolves, non vascular

Bryophytes, no flowers no seeds spore based reproduction

443-419 ma big fungi, prototaxites

419 ma: vascular plants

Question 6

Chemotrophes

Answer 6

Energy from the oxidation of inorganic or organism compounds

Bacteria that get energy from oxidation of elements weathered from rock

Question 7

Phototrophes

Answer 7

Get energy through photosynthesis, plants

Question 8

Heterotrophs

Answer 8

Get carbon from preexisting organic matter… eating other things

Question 9

Autotrophs

Answer 9

Use co2 or otherwise to make food, as carbon source

Question 10

Rhizosphere

Answer 10

Narrow zone of soil influenced by and surrounding roots of vascular plants… lots of bio activity due to release or root exudares

Stimulate or inhibit rhizosphere organisms

Question 11

Allelopathy

Answer 11

Interaction when a plant produces chemicals that impact growth or development of other plants and microorganisms ms

Question 12

Saphrodite microorganisms

Answer 12

“Rotters”
Fungi and bacteria, especially fungi, do most decomp

Question 13

Soil organisms impact

Answer 13

Structure and aggregation, nutrient cycling, decomp, nutrient leaching

Bioturbation and dispersal

Question 14

Epigeic worms

Answer 14

At or near surface of soil, horizontal movement

No soil mixing

Question 15

Endogeic worms

Answer 15

Mixing top 30 cm of soul, horizontal borrows and movement

Eat their way through soil

Question 16

Anecic Worms

Answer 16

Vertical Borrows, haul litter back to hole, semipermanent homes

Question 17

Worms

Answer 17

Most important macro organism in soil

Soil mixing, nutrient dispersal, bioturbation, improved permeability and structure. Bodies high in nutrients

Breakdown of soil particles and OM, reduce loss of nutrients to colorization through mixing

Casts: nutrients and granular structure

Often invasive and can be bad for salamanders and species were organic layer provides habitat

Question 19

Arthropods

Answer 19

Ants and termites

Shred and graze, prey on other organisms, farm insects fungi

Can accumulate/ concentrate nutrients in specific spots.. not even dispersal but can add up after long enough time

Question 20

Nematodes

Answer 20

Pest control or pest to be controlled, often the later but sometimes useful for ipm

Can cut little holes in roots, cause secondary infections

Merrygolds, can kill them

Question 21

Roots

Answer 21

Macro-micro organism

Approx 1% of all soul volume, 20-30% of respiration, compete for o2, supply c to soil organisms

Enriched in organic compounds

Exudes, microorganisms, root hairs cause soul to stick to plant roots

Question 23

Soil fungi

Answer 23

10s of thousands of soe urs
2,500 species in one spot
Extensive phillimentous morpholog

Question 24

Mycorrhizae

Answer 24

Symbiotic association between roots and fungi

Fungi get: sugars from plant at low cost

Plants pay with 5-30% of energy budget but get :
-longer reach
-more P
-more H20
-protection from excessive metal uptake
-protection from some pests

Question 25

Ectomycorrhizae

Answer 25

Temperate or semi arid region shrub and trees Fungal hyphae outside cell walls Ya branch from rootlet or mantle

Question 26

Endomycorrhizae and AB

Answer 26

Form small branches structures in cortical cell ways, can link one plant to another Arbuscular is the a