Bio

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Natural Selection: When helpful traits help living things survive and have babies.

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Vestigial Structure: A body part that no longer works like it used to.

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Fitness – An organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in its environment.

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Comparative Embryology – Studying embryos of different species to look for similarities that suggest common ancestry.

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Transitional Fossil – Fossils that show intermediate states between an ancestral form and its descendants.

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Mutation – A change in DNA that can lead to variation within a population.

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Coevolution – When two species evolve in response to changes in each other.

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Microevolution – Small-scale changes in allele frequencies within a population over time.

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Species – A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

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Artificial Selection – Human-controlled breeding to produce desired traits.

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Homologous Structure – Structures in different species that are similar due to shared ancestry (e.g.

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human arm and bat wing).

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Fossil – Preserved remains or traces of ancient organisms.

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Common Ancestor – A species from which two or more species have evolved.

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Comparative Anatomy – Comparing body structures of different species to find evolutionary relationships.

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Evolution – The change in a species over time.

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Macroevolution – Large-scale evolutionary changes that may result in new species.

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Adaptation – A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce.

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Hominid – A group including humans and their fossil ancestors.

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🌿 Natural Selection: 4 Key Steps

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Variation – Individuals in a population differ in traits.

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Overproduction – More offspring are produced than can survive.

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Competition – Individuals compete for limited resources.

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Selection – Those with advantageous traits survive and pass on traits.

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🧠 3 Pieces of Evidence for Evolution

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Fossil Record – Shows changes in organisms over time.

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Homologous Structures – Indicate shared ancestry.

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Biochemmcial – Similar genes suggest common ancestry.

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💥 2 Causes of Mass Extinctions

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Asteroid impacts (e.g.

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dinosaurs' extinction)

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Climate change (e.g.

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ice ages

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🔄 Types of Evolution

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Microevolution – Small changes within a species.

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Macroevolution – Evolution of new species or groups.

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Coevolution – Two species influence each other’s evolution.

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Adaptive Radiation – One species evolves into many different forms (a type of divergent evolution).

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Convergent Evolution – Different species evolve similar traits due to similar environments.

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🔍 Convergent vs. Divergent Evolution

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Convergent – Unrelated species develop similar traits (e.g.

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dolphin and shark fins).

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Divergent – Related species evolve different traits (e.g.

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Darwin’s finches).

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⚖️ Natural Selection: Genotype or Phenotype?

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Acts on the phenotype (physical traits)

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because that’s what interacts with the environment. However