bio Flashcards
(145 cards)
1
Q
organelles
A
specialised subcellular structures
2
Q
cells
A
basic structural units of a living organism
3
Q
tissues
A
a group of cells working together to perform the same function
4
Q
organs
A
a group of tissues working together to perform specific functions
5
Q
organ system
A
a group of organs with similar functions, carrying out body functions
6
Q
elements in carbohydrates
A
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
7
Q
elements in proteins
A
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur
8
Q
elements in lipids
A
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
9
Q
test for glucose
A
benedict’s reagent, 60 degrees, blue to green/yellow/red
10
Q
test for starch
A
iodine, orange to blue/black
11
Q
test for protein
A
biuret, blue to lilac
12
Q
test for fat
A
2cm^3 ethanol, 2cm^3 distilled water, colourless to milky white emulsion
13
Q
photosynthesis
A
endothermic, converts light energy into chemical energy
14
Q
light intensity equation
A
1/d^2
15
Q
factors affecting photosynthesis
A
temperature, light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration
16
Q
basic investigation for photosynthesis
A
elodea (water plant), lamp, sodium hydrogencarbonate indicator, stopwatch
17
Q
what can the standard photosynthesis investigation be used for
A
o2 evolution, effect of light intensity, effect of temperature, effect of co2
18
Q
experiment for starch production
A
cover half, place in windowsill, kill leaf with boiling water, boil with ethanol to remove chlorophyll, iodine (covered = orange, non = blue-black)
19
Q
experiment to show photosynthesis requires chlorophyll
A
variegated, only green has chlorophyll = blue black, white remains orange brown
20
Q
waxy cuticle
A
reduces loss of water by evaporation and prevents entry of microorganisms
21
Q
upper epidermis
A
thin, transparent, lets light in
22
Q
palisade mesophyll
A
many chloroplasts that increase the rate of photosyntheiss
23
Q
spongy mesophyll
A
many air spaces, allow for efficient gas exchange, increases sa to volume ratio
24
Q
guard cell
A
controls entry/loss of water, enough = turgid = gap, lack = flaccid = closed
25
stomata
where gas exchange and loss of water occurs
26
magnesium in plants
production of chlorophyll, yellow if lack
27
nitrate in plants
production of amino acids, yellow and stunted growth if lack
28
carbs
energy source
29
proteins
growth and repair
30
lipids
energy source and insulation, like butter + nuts + oils
31
fibre
prevents constipation, like vegetables
32
vitamin a
vision and growth, like carrots
33
vitamin c
prevents scurvy, part of collagen, like citrus fruits
34
vitamin d
absorption of calcium for bone and teeth, like oily fish, sun and dairy
35
calcium
strong teeth and bones, prevents rickets, like milk
36
iron
for haemoglobin production, like red meat
37
water
for cell reactions to take place
38
how does age affect diet
increases as adulthood approaches, decreases as people age
39
how does activity levels affect diet
more energy for movement
40
how does pregnancy affect diet
more needed to support growth of foetus, need to carry mass of baby
41
what is peristalsis
wave like muscle contractions, circular muscles contract behind and longitudinal muscles contract in front
42
pancreas
produces carbohydrase, protease and lipase, secreted into stomach and small intestine
43
bolus
chewed down food wrapped in saliva
44
chyme
digested food that comes out of stomach
45
gastric juice
pepsin and hydrochloric acid
46
duodenum
first part - enzymes digest + bile (made in liver and stored in gallbladder)
47
ileum
vili, absorb digested soluble molcules into blood
48
how are faeces produced
water absorbed in large intestine, stored in rectum, removed in anus
49
investigate carbon dioxide evolution from living organisms
four flaks, connected by capillary tubes
1st flask: sodium hydroxide solution, absorbs co2
2nd flask: hydrogen carbonate indicator which turns red
3rd flask: respiring organism
4th flask: hydrogen carbonate indicator which turns yellow
50
describe inhalation
intercostal muscles contract
ribcage up and out
diaphragm contracts downwards
pressure decreases, volume increases
air moves in
51
alveoli adaptations
thin cell walls folded, large network of capillaries
52
why cant multicellular organisms rely on diffusion alone
small surface area to volume ratio, so they have a lot of adaptations that allow molecules to be transported in and out
53
ribs
bone cage around lungs to protect internal organs
54
intercostal muscles
found between ribs that control inhalation and exhalation
55
diaphram
muscular dome at bottom of the thorax that changes the pressure
56
trachea
windpipe where air enters thorax and flows to lungs
56
bronchioles
bronchi divided into smaller tubes that connect to the alveoli
56
bronchi
trachea divides into 2
57
alveoli
tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs
58
pleural membranes
lubricate lungs, reducing friction when breathing
59
why are valves needed
to prevent back flow of blood
60
arteries
layers of muscles make them strong, contains elastic fibres, withstand high pressure created from pumping of blood
61
veins
lumen is wide to allow blood to flow through, valves to ensure blood flows in the right direction
62
capillaries
close to cells to enable exchange of substances, one cell thick, permeable walls
63
plasma
liquid which contains the components in the blood, important for transport of co2, digested food, urea, hormones and heat energy
64
xylem
transport water and mineral ions from roots to other parts
65
causes of chd
poor diet, saturated fat increases cholesterol levels, increase risk of fatty plaques building up
nicotine causes narrowing of blood vessels and increase blood pressure
stress increase blood pressure which can damage walls
65
phloem
transporting sucrose and amino acids between leaves and other parts of plant
66
adrenaline
hormone produced by adrenal glands
fight or flight reaction
increase heart rate to deliver more oxygen to respiring muscles
increases breathing rate
blood diverted from systems to respiring muscles
pupils dilate to help vision
67
why does heart rate increase in exercise
muscles require energy, ensure heart can pump sufficient oxygen and nutrients around body and remove more waste products from respiring muscles
68
anaerobic respiration in exercise
oxygen debt created, oxygen needed to be transferred quickly so lactic acid produced does not cause muscle cramps
69
homeostasis
maintenance of a constant internal environment
70
axon
single nerve fibre that carries nerve impulses from a cell body
71
myelin sheath
insulates axon and increase rate at which electrical signals travel through the nerves
72
dendrites
branching extensions of a neuron that receive electrical impulses from other neurons
73
how are signals passed through synapses
neurotransmitters released, diffuses and binds to receptor molecule, stimulating second neuron to transmit electrical impulse
74
reflex arc
subconscious response to a danger stimulus
75
auxins
plant hormones that regulate growth
76
positive phototropism
response to light, exposed to light on one side, auxin moves to shaded side of root, shoot bend towards light
77
geotropism
roots grow towards direction of gravity pull, positive geotropism
78
4 differences between nervous and endocrine system
nervous: electrical, transmitted by nerve cells, very fast response, short duration
endocrine: chemical, hormones in bloodstream, slower response, long duration
79
purpose of cns
brain and spinal chord, make sense of surroundings and respond to them in order to survive
80
cornea
transparent outer part, refracts light to reach retina
81
iris
coloured part that controls how much light enters eye
82
iris reflex
bright: circular muscles contract, radial muscles relax to make pupil small
dim: circular muscles relax, radial muscles contract to make pupil larger so can have a better image
83
lens
transparent, biconvex, attaches to ciliary muscles by suspensory ligaments, focus light to retina
84
retina
contains rods (b/w) and cone (coloured) cells
85
accomodation:
near: ciliary contract, suspensory ligaments slacken, lens fatter so refract more, converges on retina
distant: ciliary muscle relax, suspensory ligaments stretch, lens thin so refract less, converges on retina
86
hot temperature
- sweat
- vasodilation: blood closer to skin
87
cold temperature
- shivering to generate heat
- hairs effector muscle erect: insulation
- vasoconstriction: blood further
88
insulin
from pancreas, lowers blood glucose levels, converts glucose into glycogen for muscles
89
testerone
from testes, in males, secondary sexual characteristics
90
progesterone
from ovaries, maintains pregnancy, maintains uterus lining
91
oestrogen
from ovaries, in women, secondary sexual characteristics and controls menustral cycle
92
advantages of sexual reproduction
offspring variation, survival advantages, selective breeding, produce desirable characteristics
93
advantages of asexual reproduction
only one parent cell needed, less energy and faster as don't need to find a mate, genetically identical is good in favourable conditions
94
fertilisation
involves fusion of male and female gamete to produce a zygote that undergoes cell division and develops into an embryo
95
germination
process in which seed begins to develop in a new young plant, need water (to activate enzymes), oxygen (aerobic respiration to release energy for growth), warmth (optimum temperature)
96
investigate conditions needed for seed germination
4 boiling tubes with 10 cress seeds each, sitting on cotton wool
a: dry cotton wool, 20 degrees
b: moist cotton wool, 20 degrees
c: boiled water that has been cooled, oil, 20 degrees
d: moist cotton wool, low temperature
only b germinates
97
food store in germinating seed
starch for plant to use until it is able to cary out photosynthesis
98
runners
strawberry plants, grow horizontally and puts down roots
99
cuttings
artificial, tissues samples scraped and placed in agar growth medium with nutrients and auxins, sample develops and planted in compost
100
male sex gland
produces semen that contains sperm cells
101
testis
in scrotum which produces sperm and testoserone
102
urethra
tube in penis to carry urine or semen, ring of muscle stops the two from mixing
103
ovary
contains female gametes
104
oviduct
connects ovary to the uterus, line with ciliated cells that pushes ovum
105
uterus
thick lining so fertilised eggs can be implanted
106
cervix
ring of muscle at lower part of uterus to ensure foetus remains in place during pregnancy
107
gamete
an organism's reproductive cell
108
gene
a section of dna that codes for a protein and contributes to a characteristic
109
chromosome
structure found in nucleus that is made up of a long strand of dna
110
allele
different forms of the gene
111
genotype
the combination of alleles an individual has
112
phenotype
physical characteristics of an individual
113
23rd pair
sex determining gnees (xx: female, xy: male)
114
population
group of organisms of one species living in the same area at the same time
115
community
all populations living in the same area at the same time
116
abiotic
light intensity, temperature, moisture levels, soil ph and mineral content
117
bioitc
food availability, predators, pathogens, competition
118
suphur dioxide
released when fossil fuels burnt, dissolves in water droplets in cloud to form sulphuric acid which creates acid rain, corrodes metals and limestones, leeches minerals out of soil
119
tar
carcinogen, increases chance of cancerous cells
120
bronchitis
tar stimulates goblet cells and muscle glands to produce more mucus, mucus builds up, damaging the cilia, smokers cough attempts to remove
121
emphysema
due to infection, elastase breaks down elastic fibres in alveoli, less elastic and cannot stretch, reduces sa
122
glasshouse adaptation
enclosed environment = crop protection from harsh weather, protected from pests that can carry disease
co2 levels maintained = optimise rate of photosynthesis
heat is trapped = enzymes optimum temperature
123
fertilisers
contains nutrients that allow plants to grow quicker
124
phosphates
respiration and root growth
125
potassium
growth, allows enzyme reactions to take place
126
pest control
use pesticides to prevent insects from eating plants
127
what bacteria is used to make yoghurt
lactobacillus, milk contains lactose (sugar), which bacteria breaks down to form lactic acid, lowers acid ph, denatures proteins to give yoghurt texture
128
how is yoghurt produced
equipment sterilised
heat 72 degrees, pasteurisation
cooled and bacteria added
break down of lactose to lactic acid
129
industrial fermenter
to grow in large amounts
aseptic conditions
nutrients inlet
air inlet and outlet
stirring paddles to ensure everything distributed evenly
temperature maintained by water jacket
130
inbreeding problem
reduction in gene pool, environmental changes = go extinct because same genetic make up
131
transgenic
transfer of genetical material from one species to a different species
132
distinguish difference between disease caused by single gene and multiple gene
polygenic, more than one gene controlling phenotype, small effect
136
mitosis
2 genetically identical diploid
used in growth and repair
ipmat
137
meiosis
4 genetically different diploid
sexual reproduction
ipmatcpmat
138
interphase
preparation for cell division, grow and replicates dna
139
prophase
condense and be visible and nuclear membrane breaks
140
metaphase
line up in equator
141
anaphase
sister chromatids separate at centromere and are pulled by spindle fibre
142
telophase
new nuclear membrane forms
143
cytokinesis
cytoplasm divides
144
function of amniotic fluid
cushions fetus to prevent it from getting hurt in bumps or jolts
145
role of placenta in development of embryo
oxygen fore respiration, amino acids for protein synthesis
