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BIO 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the synapomorphies of the amniotes?

A

Amniotic Egg, Skin, 12 pairs cranial nerves, rib ventilated aspiration, absence of gills, ossified skeleton, ventricle divided, copulatory organ

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2
Q

What are the 4 different skull structures?

A

Diapsid- Dinos, crocs, birds, snakes
Euryapsid- Placodonts, marine reptiles
Synapsid- Mammals, therapsids
Anapsid- Turtles, early reptiles

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3
Q

Testudines mating

A

Turtles, internal fertilization, TSD

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4
Q

Crocodylia mating

A

Crocodile, internal fertilization, TSD

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5
Q

Sphenodonta mating

A

Tuataras, weird lizards, internal fertilzation, TSD

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6
Q

Squamata mating

A

Snakes and lizards, internal fertilization, hemipenes (2 dicks), GSD

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7
Q

Why are Tuataras important?

A

Show transition from ancient to modern

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8
Q

What synapomorphies to birds and crocs share?

A

Parental care and nesting, 4 chambered heart, cerebral cortex and vocalization

Also have
Thecodont dentition, secondary palate, division of ventricles, gizzard, no urinary bladder

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9
Q

What do snakes have that allow them to capture prey?

A

Jaw expansion, venom, strangulation, chemoreception, heat detection

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10
Q

Why are amniotes confined to internal fertilzation?

A

Shell is too hard to break though, more efficient

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11
Q

Why is a turtle an anapsid and why isnt it?

A

It has an anapsid skull but it evolved separately

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12
Q

What group did birds evolve from?

A

Saurischia, the lizard hipped dinos, ironic because they didn’t evolve from the Ornischia

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13
Q

Why are hemipenes paired?

A

Double the penis power, double the mating ability

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14
Q

What is parthenogenesis?

A

No males, only females, no fertilization is needed

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15
Q

Why do lizards tails break?

A

ESCAPE!!!

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16
Q

Wtf is Amphisbaenia

A

Mystery ring lizards, fused eyelids, heavy skull for digging, elongated body, limbless, only one functional lung

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17
Q

What is the vomeronasal organ?

A

Chemoreception, Smell

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18
Q

What are the loreal and labial pits used for?

A

Infrared heat detection

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19
Q

Why aren’t lizards good representation of dinos?

A

Dinos had mammal legs, different skulls, dinos had antorbital fenestra

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20
Q

What is meant by a bird is a bird is a bird?

A

There a lot of constraints for being able to fly so they all look the same or have similar body plans

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21
Q

Describe the significance of Archaeopteryx in bird evolution?

A

Shows the transition of the dino body to the bird body

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22
Q

What are the characteristics of paleognathids (aka ratites)? How do they differ from neognathids

A

Paleo- Primitive birds, flightless, ancient condition on roof of mouth, rigid structure
Neo- Modern bird , palate is extensively modified

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23
Q

Where did feathers come from?

A

Started as scales or keratinized skin

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24
Q

How are bird skeletons adapted?

A

Strong and light, pneumatized, keel of sternum, compact skeleton

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25
How has flight constrained the bird body?
Need light bones, feathers, keel of sternum, air sacs, 4 chambered heart to keep up with oxygen demand
26
What muscles do birds need for flight?
Pec and Supercord
27
Bird respiratory system?
AIR SACS, need it for supercharged oxygen and also cooling
28
What are air sacs needed for in birds?
Unidirectional air flow, keep the bird light
29
What system is most specialized in birds?
Eyes, they have a lot more rods and cones, need it for seeing from afar and prey capture
30
How are primary feathers different from secondary feathers?
Primary- outer feathers, used to generate thrust Secondary- Run along the birds arm and help sustain bird in the air
31
How do birds overcome drag?
Wing slots
32
What is aspect ratio?
Length/width, determines flight efficiency
33
What are Elliptical wings?
Short blunt wings, more agile
34
What are high aspect ratio wings?
Slim unslotted wings with tapered point, maximum speed at stoop
35
Dynamic Soaring Wings
Long Narrow for max lift
36
High Lift wings
Broad slotted wings for soaring
37
What can you tell about red muscle?
Longer stamina, less speed, aerobic metabolism
38
What can you tell about white muscle?
More quick bursts of energy, anaerobic, fatigues quickly
39
Why do birds lay eggs instead?
Because carrying them would constrain their flight
40
What is Precocial and Altricial?
Precocial- Born PREpared to run Altricial- born helpless, develop much bigger brains
41
What are the synapomorphies of mammals?
Sweat, mammary and other glands, large brain and parental care, dentary for chewing, 3 inner ear bones, fused pelvic bones, hair, lungs, well developed neocortex, 4 chambered heart
42
When did mammals start to flourish?
After the dinos died lol
43
Why were the therapsids important?
Showed the transition from reptiles to mammals
44
How did reptiles and mammals move differently?
Mammals have feet underneath them, reptiles are splayed out
45
Why is MILK so important?
{Highly digestible. Can be on flexible time schedule. Typically constantly available. Mother is able to transform available things (lots of options, even things normally toxic to baby) and convert them into milk. Transmit antibodies to babies. Highly nutritive. High energy allows rapid growth. Mother can gather nutrients before the baby is born. Doesn't have to leave baby to go find food.}}. Milk also contains a lot of fat which helps mammals have bigger brains.
46
Where did milk originate from?
Mammary glands came from sweat glands, milk came from blood.
47
What are horns used for?
Combat and display
48
What is a horn?
Bony core with keratin sheath, not shed and present in both sexes. Bison, goats, rams
49
What is an antler?
Only bone, shed annually, male exclusive, grows out from the skull, sheds. Elk, caribou, moose.
50
What are the advantages of hair?
Minimizes cost of endothermy, insulation and mating, birds can't sweat because water is too heavy
51
What is the purpose of the many glands on mammals?
Keep skin moist, maintain body temperature
52
What is the origin of the middle ear bones in mammals?
Increase in dentary bone for chewing shifted up towards the ear. Angular- tympanic bone in mammals Articular- malleus in mammals Quadrate- incus in mammals Stapes Transport sound better and are better for jaw articulation.
53
What kind of heart do mammals have?
4 chambered heart, vs 3 chambered in reptiles
54
How many occiptal condyles do mammals have?
2 and they are to allow the skull and the spine to articulate
55
What is the secondary palate?
Makes the skull much stronger for biting harder, separates smell from mouth
56
What is heterodont dentition?
Incisors, canines and premolars, humans have this
57
Wtf is a monotreme?
Platypus thing
58
What is chorio vitelline placenta?
Yolk sac, erode shallow depression in the uterine wall, settle in and absorb nutrients through yolk sac, Marsupials do this
59
What is chorio allantoicic placenta
Classic embryo, placentals do this
60
Child bearing in marsupials?
Short gestation, long parental care
61
Child bearing in placental mammals or EUTHERIA?
Long gestation, shorter parental care. Most mammals are this.
62
Where did Marsupials come from?
South America originally and came to the land down under with little competition, migrated north in great American exchange
63
What is the Marsupium?
The pouch
64
Relationship between gestation and size?
Longer gestation means bigger animals usually
65
Tf is a Chiropteran?
BAT, forelimbs adapted for flight, long spread out digits for greater SA
66
How is bat flight different from bird?
They have living wings, long skinny bones that aren't pneumatic, weak legs so they hang
67
What makes Carnivora good predators?
Can live almost anywhere, good endurance and specialized teeth, bigger brains so they can be smarter
68
What are the order of scaly lizards called?
Lepidosauria
69
What are some traits of Aves?
Beak, Integument, feathers, forelimbs, no urinary bladder, bunch of bones and red muscles
70
What is Diastema?
Lack of canines in the rodents
71
What is the name of the thin membrane in Chiroptera
The Patagium
72
What are the shearing teeth called in Carnivora?
Carnassial teeth
73
Wtf is a perrisodactyla?
Odd toed mammals, zebras lol, they have Mesaxonic feet
74
Wtf is Artiodactyla
Even toed mammals, deer, paraxonic foot
75
Now what is Cetacea?
FAT WHALE, fusiform body absent or vestigial hind limbs and pelvis, flippers and blowhole
76
What kind of jaw do mammals have?
Squamosal
77
Why do Kangaroos hop?
I guess its more efficient
78
What is the largest clade of Eutheria?
Rodents and Chiroptyera
79
What jaw do the squamata have?
Quadratotjugal jaw
80
Whats interesting about the squamata?
Only true parthenogenesis, oviparity to vivoparity, body elongation and limb reduction
81
What are the two groups of whales and how do they differ?
Baleen (Mysticiti) don't have teeth Teethed (Odontoceti)

bio exam 3 (1 decks)

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