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Biology Unit 3 > Bio 2 test 1 > Flashcards

Bio 2 test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of Living Organisms

A

Unity

  1. Cells and Organization
    2.Energy Use and Metabolism
  2. Response to Environmental Change
  3. Regulation and Homeostasis
  4. Growth, Development and Reproduction
  5. Biological Evolution
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2
Q

Descent with Modification

A

Heritable traits that promote survival and reproductive success

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3
Q

Adaptation

A

Any modification that makes an organism better suited to its way of life

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4
Q

Structure determines function

A

Structure: opposable thumb
Function: strong grasp

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5
Q

Information flow, exchange and storage

A

The growth and behavior of organisms are activated through the expression of genetic information.

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6
Q

Pathways and transformation of energy and matter

A

biological systems grow and change by processes based upon chemical transformation pathways and are governed by the laws of thermodynamics

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7
Q

Systems

A

living systems are interconnected and interacting

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8
Q

4 Overlapping Stages

A
  1. Nucleotides and amino acids produced prior to existence of cells
  2. Nucleotides and amino acids became polymerized to form DNA, RNA and proteins
  3. Polymers became enclosed in membranes
  4. Polymers enclosed in membranes evolved cellular properties
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9
Q

Reducing Atmosphere Hypothesis

A

Little free oxygen. High water vapor, nitrogen and CO2. Too hot for liquid water

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10
Q

Spontaneous Formation of organic molecules

A

monomers evolved and joined to form polymers. Abiotic Synthesis: which means that organic molecules would be synthesized to organic complex molecules through UV radiation, lighting etc.

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11
Q

Miller and Urey’s Apparatus Experiment

A

Showed that biochemicals could be produced from simple nonbiological sources. Yielded HCN, CH20, sugars, amino acids and nucleotide bases

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12
Q

Extraterrestrial Hypothesis

A

organic carbon from asteroids and comets stocked prebiotic soup.

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13
Q

Deep Sea Vent Hypothesis

A

superheated water rich in H2S and metal ions mixes with cold water. Organics formed in temperature gradient around vents

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14
Q

Origin of first cell

A

Clay hypothesis: simple organisms polymerize on solid surfaces (clay and mud) into more complex organisms

Cell-like structures: Protobiont
- Boundary (membrane), Polymers inside contain info, Polymers inside with enzymatic functions and self replicating

Chemical Selection- RNA world
- Rna in Protobionts can store info, capacity for replication and enzymatic functions on ribozymes

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15
Q

Advantages of DNA/RNA/ Protein World

A

Information Storage
- DNA takes over information storage and allows for RNA to do other things
-DNA suffers less from mutation

Metabolism
- proteins have greater catalytic efficiency
- proteins can do many other task such as the cytoskeleton and transport

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16
Q

Fossils

A

Remains and traces of past life

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17
Q

Paleontology

A

The study of the fossil record

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18
Q

Relative Dates Vs Absolute

A

Relative dating (don’t know the date but you can compare it to other such as saying it’s older than another) vs absolute (direct time)

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19
Q

Assemblage

A

collection of fossils in the same strata

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20
Q

Strata + Fossils

A

Older fossils are found at the deepest layers

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21
Q

Factors that affect the fossil record

A

Anatomy, Size, number, environment, time, geological processes and paleontology

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22
Q

Fossil Dating- Absolute

A

Radiometric Dating: the length required for half the atoms to change into something else

-unaffected by temp, light, pressure etc.

Dating of fossils: relative (using index species) vs. absolute (using radioisotopes, half-life,
calculation)

23
Q

Geologic Time Scale

A

Changes in organisms result of 1). Genetic Changes 2. Environmental Changes

Patterns of mass extinction correlated with:
1. Climate/Temperature
2. Atmosphere
3. Land Masses
4. Floods/ Glaciation
5. Volcanic Eruptions
6. Meteorite Impacts

24
Q

Paleozoic era

A

Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian

25
Q

Mesozoic era

A

Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous

26
Q

Cenozoic era

A

Tertiary, Quaternary

27
Q

Primate Evolution

A
  1. rotating shoulder joint
  2. big toe and thumb widely separated from others
  3. Stereoscopic vision: the brain’s ability to interpret visual information from both eyes to create a clear three-dimensional (3D) image
28
Q

Extinctions

A

Ordovician: Glacial caused sea levels to rise and fall dramatically, moving shorelines repeatedly. Continental erosion changed atmosphere and ocean chemistry.

Devonian: Land plants consumed atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), which caused global cooling. Weathering plant roots released nutrients into the sea, causing algal blooms and oxygen depletion.

Permian: lava covered mass areas. Acid rain and global warming

Triassic: atmospheric CO2 levels rose causing global warming and ocean acidification.

Cretaceous: Volcanos acidified oceans and increased global temperatures. Tectonic plates depleted oceans of oxygen. Asteroid impact caused rapid cooling.

6th Mass extinction: burning of fossil fuels, farming and deforestation elevate CO2 levels that cause ocean acidification. Pollution, habitat loss, overfishing and introduction of invasive species.

29
Q

Species

A

group of related organisms that share a distinctive form. Capable of interbreeding

30
Q

Population

A

members of the same species that are likely to encounter each other and thus have the opportunity to interbreed

31
Q

History of Evolutionary Thought

A

Pre-Darwinian: Influenced by theology, myth and superstition

Anaximander: organisms evolve over time
Plato: objects are temporary reflection of ideal forms
Aristotle: all living things can be arranged in a linear hierarchy (scala naturae)
Creationism: a God is absolute creator of heaven and earth, out of nothing, by an act of free will includes Christians, jews and Muslims.
Spontaneous Generation: Sweaty rags in open jar gain after 21 days produced mice

32
Q

Scala Naturae

A

Aristotle: father of classic taxonomy

Puts man as the dominate and perfect life form
-sets man above and apart from nature
-incorporated into religious belief that earth and creatures do not evolve

33
Q

John Ray, Carolus Linnaeus and Eramus Darwin

A

John Ray: 1st thorough study of the natural world
Carolus Linnaeus: each species has an ideal structure and function and a place in scala naturae. Binomial system of nomenclature
Erasmus Darwin: suggest common descent; evidence in developmental patterns

34
Q

Lamarck

A

first biologist to propose evolution and link diversity with environmental adaptation
- concluded more complex organisms are descended from less complex organisms
- Proposed inheritance of Acquired characteristics- Lamarckianism

35
Q

Charles Lyell

A

earth is subject to slow but continuous cycles of erosion and uplift.
Uniformitarianism: rates and processes of change are constant

36
Q

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution

A

Tortoises: proposed that speciation on islands correlated with a difference in vegetation- adaptation

Finches: speculated they could have descended from a single pair of mainland finch- Speciation

37
Q

Natural Selection is

A

Nonrandom

38
Q

Survival of the Fit

A

Fitness is the relative reproductive success of an individual. Most fit individual in a population

39
Q

adaptation

A

changes that help a species become more suited to its environment. product of natural selection

39
Q

Comparative Anatomy

A

Homologous Structures: Anatomically similar because they are inherited from a common ancestor. Ex. limbs have the same bones

Analogous: Serve the same function. Do not share a common ancestor. Convergent Evolution: when organisms that aren’t closely related evolve similar features or behaviors to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches

39
Q

convergent evolution

A

analogy- similarity due to convergence
ex. jumping: bullfrog and kangaroo

40
Q

Comparative Anatomy

A

Vestigial Structures: fully-developed anatomical structures. Reduced functions. Ex. male breast tissue, wisdom teeth, human tail bone, wings on flightless birds

41
Q

comparative development

A

all vertebrate embryos have: a postanal tail, paired pharyngeal pouches, hollow dorsal nerve cord (spinal cord), notochord

The development of an organism (ontogeny) expresses all the intermediate forms of its ancestors throughout evolution (phylogeny)

42
Q

Biogeography

A

Alfred Russell Wallace- Father of biogeography
Study of geographical distributions of plants and animals across earth. different mixes of plants and animals in areas separated by water and islands

43
Q

Molecular Homologies

A

Almost all living organisms:
use the same basic biochemical molecules. utilize the same DNA triplet codes, same 20 amino acids, ATP as energy.

Genetic Homologies: when very similar, suggest recent common descent

when more different suggest more ancient common descent

44
Q

PROCESS OF EVOLUTION

A
  1. variations are produced by chance mutations and sexual reproduction
  2. Natural selection selects the fittest organisms
  3. Natural Selection leads to Adaptation to a particular environment
  4. process occurs constantly in all species of life on earth
45
Q

Natural Selection vs Evolution

A

Natural Selection acts on individuals in a species

Evolution is a property of populations

46
Q

Population Genetic

A

study of genes and genotypes in a population

47
Q

allele frequency vs genotype frequency

A

Allele: # of copies of a specific allele in a population/ total # of alleles for that gene in pop

Genotype: # of individuals with a particular genotype/ total # of individuals in a population

48
Q

Natural Selection

A

Adaptation of a population to the biotic and abiotic environment

Biotic: predation, competition, sexual selection

Abiotic: Climate, water availability, minerals

requires:
1. Variation
2. Inheritance
3. Differential Adaptiveness
4. Differential Reproduction

Major cause of microevolution

49
Q

Directional Selection

A

One extreme phenotype is favored over the rest. The curve shifts in that direction

50
Q

Stabilizing Selection

A

Intermediate phenotype is favored. Perfect size not fat or skinny

51
Q

Disruptive Selection

A

Two or more extreme phenotypes are favored

52
Q
A

Biology Unit 3 (3 decks)

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