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BIO 205 Anatomy and Physiology > BIO 201 Exam 1 > Flashcards

BIO 201 Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomy

A

study of structure

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2
Q

What are the 3 divisions of anatomy

A

microscopic, gross, developmental

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3
Q

What is physiology

A

study of function

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4
Q

What are the structural levels of physiology

A

molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal

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5
Q

What is the relationship between anatomy and physiology

A

structure without function is a corpse… function without structure is a ghost

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6
Q

How many organ systems are in the human body

A

11

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7
Q

What are the survival needs

A

nutrients, water, oxygen, proper temperature range, and proper atmospheric pressure range

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8
Q

What is the integumentary system

A

-Forms the external body covering
- Protects deeper tissue from injury
- Helps regulate body temperature
- Location of cutaneous nerve receptors

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9
Q

What is the skeletal system

A
  • protects and supports body organ
  • provides muscle attachment for movement
  • site of blood cell formation
  • stores minerals
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10
Q

What is the muscular system

A
  • produces movement
  • maintains posture
  • produces heat
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11
Q

what is the nervous system

A
  • fast-acting control system
  • responds to internal and external change
  • activates muscles and glands
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12
Q

what is the endocrine system

A
  • secretes regulatory hormones for: growth, reproduction, and metabolism
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13
Q

What is the cardio vascular system

A
  • transport materials in body via blood pumped by heart: oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes
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14
Q

What is the lymphatic system

A
  • returns fluids to blood vessels
  • cleanses the blood
  • involved in immunity
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15
Q

What is the respiratory system

A
  • keeps blood supplied with oxygen
  • removes carbon dioxide
  • acid/base balance
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16
Q

what is the digestive system

A
  • breaks down food
  • allows for nutrient absorption into blood
  • Eliminates indigestible material
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17
Q

what is the urinary system

A
  • eliminates nitrogenous wastes
  • maintains acid-base balance
  • regulates water and electrolytes
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18
Q

what is the reproductive system

A

produce offspring

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19
Q

What are the two main cavities

A

dorsal and ventral

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20
Q

what cavities are in the dorsal cavity

A

cranial and vertebral

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21
Q

what cavities are in the ventral cavity

A

thoracic and abdominopelvic

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22
Q

Ventral Cavities

A

-house visceral organs
- most organs in ventral cavities are surrounded by serous membrane
- double layered: parietal layer and visceral layer
- separated by serous fluid
- have specific names, usually based on organs they surround

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23
Q

What is the interrelationships between organ systems?

A

organ systems work cooperatively to carry out body functions

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24
Q

Maintenance of body functions

A
  • the internal environment of the body cannot tolerate drastic changes
  • virtually all organ systems work to maintain the internal environment
  • the body uses control mechanisms to maintain a relatively constant internal environment
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25
Q

Homeostasis

A
  • our body communicates using nervous and endocrine systems
  • these systems use control mechanism to maintain homeostasis
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26
Q

What parts of included in the homeostatic control system

A
  • variable
  • receptor
  • afferent pathway
  • control center
  • efferent pathway
  • effector
  • feedback
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27
Q

What are the two types of homeostatic regulation

A

negative feedback and positive feedback

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28
Q

what is negative feedback

A

reduces or shuts off the original stimulus

29
Q

What is positive feedback

A

enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus

30
Q

What kind of bond do substances haves

A

chemical

31
Q

what kind of chemical bonds can there be

A

organic or inorganic

32
Q

What are the types of chemical reactions

A

anabolic and catabolic

33
Q

What are acids

A
  • donate H+
  • proton donors
34
Q

what are bases

A
  • absorb H+
  • proton acceptors
35
Q

What are the main organic compounds

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

36
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • sugars and starches
  • Contain C, H, and O
37
Q

What are the classes of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

38
Q

what are the functions of carbohydrates

A

major source of cellular fuel and structural molecules

39
Q

Lipids

A
  • Contain C , H, O, and sometimes P
  • Insoluble in water
40
Q

What are the main types of lipids

A

neutral fats or triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, and eicosanoids

41
Q

Proteins

A
  • polymers of amino acids
  • Contain C, H, O, N, and sometimes S and P
42
Q

What are the biological catalysts enzymes

A

lower the activation energy, and increase the speed of a reaction

43
Q

What are the characteristics of enzymes

A

often names for the reaction they catalyze

44
Q

What are the functions of enzymes

A

apoenzyme and cofactor or coenzyme

45
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

DNA and RNA
Contain C, H, O, N, and P
Building block = nucleotide, composed of N-containing base, and pentose sugar, and a phosphate group

46
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A
  • Adenine-containing RNA nucleotide with two additional phosphate groups
47
Q

Function of ATP

A

Phosphorylation

48
Q

Membrane Lipids

A

75% phospholipids
- phosphate heads: polar and hydrophilic
- fatty acid tails: nonpolar and hydrophobic
5% glycolipids
- lipids with polar sugar groups on outer membrane surface
20% cholesterol
- increase membrane stability

49
Q

Membrane Proteins

A
  • allow communication with environment
  • 1/2 mass of plasma membrane
  • most specialized membrane functions
  • some float freely
  • some tethered to intracellular structures
50
Q

What are the two types of membrane proteins

A

integral and peripheral proteins

51
Q

Integral Proteins

A
  • firmly inserted into membrane
  • have hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
  • function as transport proteins
52
Q

peripheral proteins

A
  • loosely attached to integral proteins
  • include filaments on intracellular surface for membrane support
  • function as enzymes: motor proteins for shape change during cell division and muscle contraction, cell-to-cell connections
53
Q

Glycoproteins

A
  • oligosaccharide attached to protein
  • determine blood groups
  • are binding sites for the following:
    • hormones
    • neurotransmitters
    • antibodies
54
Q

What are the functions of membrane proteins

A

structural, transport, receptors, attachment, enzymatic activity, intercellular joining, cell-cell recognition

55
Q

What are the other membrane structures

A

prostaglandins, glycolipids, cholesterol, glycocalyx

56
Q

Prostaglandins

A
  • they play a significant role as a local messenger in many normal functions
  • promote and resolve inflammation response
57
Q

Glycolipids

A
  • carbohydrate attached to lipid
  • may bond certain toxins
58
Q

Cholesterol

A
  • helps bilayer stay fluid in different environments
  • helps in regulating what enters/exits the membrane
59
Q

Glycocalyx

A
  • every cell type has different pattern of sugars
  • specific biological markers for cell-to-cell recognition
  • Allows immune system to recognize “self” and “non self”
  • cancerous cells change it continuously
60
Q

What are the cell junctions

A

tight, desmosomes, and gap junctions

61
Q

Tight Junctions

A
  • adjacent integral proteins fuse
  • prevent fluids and most molecules from moving between cells
62
Q

Where would you find tight junctions

A
  • digestive system
  • cardiovascular system
63
Q

Desmosomes

A
  • “Rivets” or “spot-welds” that anchor cells together at plaques
  • reduces possibility of tearing
64
Q

Where might you find desmosomes in the body

A

skin
muscle

65
Q

Gap junctions

A

transmembrane proteins form pores (connexons) that allow small molecules to pass from cell to cell

66
Q

What cells surround the plasma membrane

A

amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, vitamins, hormones, salts, waste products
surrounded by interstitial fluid

67
Q

What does the plasma membrane allow cells to do

A
  • obtain from IF exactly what it needs, exactly when it is needed
  • keep out what it does not need
68
Q

What are the major fluid compartments in the body

A

intracellular fluid, intercellular fluid, blood, lymph

BIO 205 Anatomy and Physiology (1 decks)

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