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BIO 205 Anatomy and Physiology > BIO 201 Exam 1 > Flashcards

BIO 201 Exam 1 Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

What is anatomy

A

study of structure

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2
Q

What are the 3 divisions of anatomy

A

microscopic, gross, developmental

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3
Q

What is physiology

A

study of function

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4
Q

What are the structural levels of physiology

A

molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal

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5
Q

What is the relationship between anatomy and physiology

A

structure without function is a corpse… function without structure is a ghost

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6
Q

How many organ systems are in the human body

A

11

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7
Q

What are the survival needs

A

nutrients, water, oxygen, proper temperature range, and proper atmospheric pressure range

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8
Q

What is the integumentary system

A

-Forms the external body covering
- Protects deeper tissue from injury
- Helps regulate body temperature
- Location of cutaneous nerve receptors

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9
Q

What is the skeletal system

A
  • protects and supports body organ
  • provides muscle attachment for movement
  • site of blood cell formation
  • stores minerals
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10
Q

What is the muscular system

A
  • produces movement
  • maintains posture
  • produces heat
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11
Q

what is the nervous system

A
  • fast-acting control system
  • responds to internal and external change
  • activates muscles and glands
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12
Q

what is the endocrine system

A
  • secretes regulatory hormones for: growth, reproduction, and metabolism
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13
Q

What is the cardio vascular system

A
  • transport materials in body via blood pumped by heart: oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes
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14
Q

What is the lymphatic system

A
  • returns fluids to blood vessels
  • cleanses the blood
  • involved in immunity
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15
Q

What is the respiratory system

A
  • keeps blood supplied with oxygen
  • removes carbon dioxide
  • acid/base balance
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16
Q

what is the digestive system

A
  • breaks down food
  • allows for nutrient absorption into blood
  • Eliminates indigestible material
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17
Q

what is the urinary system

A
  • eliminates nitrogenous wastes
  • maintains acid-base balance
  • regulates water and electrolytes
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18
Q

what is the reproductive system

A

produce offspring

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19
Q

What are the two main cavities

A

dorsal and ventral

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20
Q

what cavities are in the dorsal cavity

A

cranial and vertebral

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21
Q

what cavities are in the ventral cavity

A

thoracic and abdominopelvic

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22
Q

Ventral Cavities

A

-house visceral organs
- most organs in ventral cavities are surrounded by serous membrane
- double layered: parietal layer and visceral layer
- separated by serous fluid
- have specific names, usually based on organs they surround

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23
Q

What is the interrelationships between organ systems?

A

organ systems work cooperatively to carry out body functions

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24
Q

Maintenance of body functions

A
  • the internal environment of the body cannot tolerate drastic changes
  • virtually all organ systems work to maintain the internal environment
  • the body uses control mechanisms to maintain a relatively constant internal environment
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25
Homeostasis
- our body communicates using nervous and endocrine systems - these systems use control mechanism to maintain homeostasis
26
What parts of included in the homeostatic control system
- variable - receptor - afferent pathway - control center - efferent pathway - effector - feedback
27
What are the two types of homeostatic regulation
negative feedback and positive feedback
28
what is negative feedback
reduces or shuts off the original stimulus
29
What is positive feedback
enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus
30
What kind of bond do substances haves
chemical
31
what kind of chemical bonds can there be
organic or inorganic
32
What are the types of chemical reactions
anabolic and catabolic
33
What are acids
- donate H+ - proton donors
34
what are bases
- absorb H+ - proton acceptors
35
What are the main organic compounds
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
36
Carbohydrates
- sugars and starches - Contain C, H, and O
37
What are the classes of carbohydrates
monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
38
what are the functions of carbohydrates
major source of cellular fuel and structural molecules
39
Lipids
- Contain C , H, O, and sometimes P - Insoluble in water
40
What are the main types of lipids
neutral fats or triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, and eicosanoids
41
Proteins
- polymers of amino acids - Contain C, H, O, N, and sometimes S and P
42
What are the biological catalysts enzymes
lower the activation energy, and increase the speed of a reaction
43
What are the characteristics of enzymes
often names for the reaction they catalyze
44
What are the functions of enzymes
apoenzyme and cofactor or coenzyme
45
Nucleic Acids
DNA and RNA Contain C, H, O, N, and P Building block = nucleotide, composed of N-containing base, and pentose sugar, and a phosphate group
46
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
- Adenine-containing RNA nucleotide with two additional phosphate groups
47
Function of ATP
Phosphorylation
48
Membrane Lipids
75% phospholipids - phosphate heads: polar and hydrophilic - fatty acid tails: nonpolar and hydrophobic 5% glycolipids - lipids with polar sugar groups on outer membrane surface 20% cholesterol - increase membrane stability
49
Membrane Proteins
- allow communication with environment - 1/2 mass of plasma membrane - most specialized membrane functions - some float freely - some tethered to intracellular structures
50
What are the two types of membrane proteins
integral and peripheral proteins
51
Integral Proteins
- firmly inserted into membrane - have hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions - function as transport proteins
52
peripheral proteins
- loosely attached to integral proteins - include filaments on intracellular surface for membrane support - function as enzymes: motor proteins for shape change during cell division and muscle contraction, cell-to-cell connections
53
Glycoproteins
- oligosaccharide attached to protein - determine blood groups - are binding sites for the following: - hormones - neurotransmitters - antibodies
54
What are the functions of membrane proteins
structural, transport, receptors, attachment, enzymatic activity, intercellular joining, cell-cell recognition
55
What are the other membrane structures
prostaglandins, glycolipids, cholesterol, glycocalyx
56
Prostaglandins
- they play a significant role as a local messenger in many normal functions - promote and resolve inflammation response
57
Glycolipids
- carbohydrate attached to lipid - may bond certain toxins
58
Cholesterol
- helps bilayer stay fluid in different environments - helps in regulating what enters/exits the membrane
59
Glycocalyx
- every cell type has different pattern of sugars - specific biological markers for cell-to-cell recognition - Allows immune system to recognize "self" and "non self" - cancerous cells change it continuously
60
What are the cell junctions
tight, desmosomes, and gap junctions
61
Tight Junctions
- adjacent integral proteins fuse - prevent fluids and most molecules from moving between cells
62
Where would you find tight junctions
- digestive system - cardiovascular system
63
Desmosomes
- "Rivets" or "spot-welds" that anchor cells together at plaques - reduces possibility of tearing
64
Where might you find desmosomes in the body
skin muscle
65
Gap junctions
transmembrane proteins form pores (connexons) that allow small molecules to pass from cell to cell
66
What cells surround the plasma membrane
amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, vitamins, hormones, salts, waste products surrounded by interstitial fluid
67
What does the plasma membrane allow cells to do
- obtain from IF exactly what it needs, exactly when it is needed - keep out what it does not need
68
What are the major fluid compartments in the body
intracellular fluid, intercellular fluid, blood, lymph

BIO 205 Anatomy and Physiology (1 decks)

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