BIO 202 2025

Question 1

what happens to energy when h bonds are formed

Answer 1

energy is absorbed, released when bonds break

Question 2

hydrolysis

Answer 2

bond between monomers is broken by the addition of a water molecule

Question 3

example of hydrolysis

Answer 3

in our bodies, in the digestive tract, enzymes help the polymers of carbs and proteins break up so that they can enter our cells

Question 4

aldose v ketose

Answer 4

aldose - terminal carbonyl group on monosaccharide
ketose - carbonyl group in the middle somewhere

Question 5

monosaccharides examples

Answer 5

glucose and fructose

Question 6

disaccharide examples

Answer 6

lactose and sucrose

Question 7

polysaccharides

Answer 7

cellulose + starch (plants)
glycogen (animals), chitin (animals and fungi)

Question 8

what are the functions of the polysaccharides

Answer 8

cellulose - strengthens plant cell walls
starch - stores glucose for energy in plants
glycogen - stores glucose for energy in animals
chitin - strengthens animal exoskeletons and fungal cell walls

Question 9

lipid structure

Answer 9

triacylglycerols - glycerol and 3 fatty acids
phospholipids - glycerol + phosphate group + two fatty acids
steroids - four fused rings with attached chemical groups

hydrophobic (non polar) tails
hydrophillic (polar) heads

low solubility in water

cells use fats for energy storage bc the tails hold more potential energy than other biological molecules

Question 10

lipid function

Answer 10

in cell membrane (cholesterol is a lipid!)
signaling molecules that travel through the body (hormones)

Question 11

proteins functions

Answer 11

enzymes: catalyze reactions
defensive: protect against disease
storage: store amino acids
receptor: receive signals from outside cell

Question 12

what is a nucleotide

Answer 12

composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar molecule (ribose or deoxyribose), and a phosphate group

Question 13

what are the components of ATP

Answer 13

nitrogenous base adenine
sugar ribose
chain of phosphate group

Question 14

increasing free energy means that it is (more or less) reactive?

Answer 14

more, a reaction can proceed now

Question 15

how does ATP transfer energy to an endergonic process?

Answer 15

adds a phsophate group to another molecule, increasing its free energy

Question 16

can an enzyme change the delta G for a reaction

Answer 16

no

Question 17

pyrimidines vs purines

Answer 17

pyrimidines: 1 ring, (cytosine, thymine, uracil)
purines: 2 rings (adenine, guanine)

Question 18

what is attached to the 5’ end?

Answer 18

a phosphate

Question 19

what is attached to the 3’ end?

Answer 19

a hydroxyl group

Question 20

what is a phosphodiester bond?

Answer 20

the covalent bonding of a 5’ phosphate to the 3’ hydroxyl group of another nucleotide

Question 21

if a fatty acid has no double bonds, it is ____?
if it does have double bonds, it is ____?

Answer 21

saturated
unsaturated
think double means two, unsaturated has two extra letters

Question 22

enantiomers

Answer 22

molecules that are mirror images of one another

Question 23

endomembrane system

Answer 23

rough ER contains ribosomes which make proteins

modified proteins are packaged into vesicles and shipped to the golgi apparatus

smooth Er functions: synthesis of carbs, lipids, steroid hormones, detoxification of meds/poisons, ca storage

Question 24

nonpolar covalent bond vs polar covalent bond

Answer 24

same electronegativity
higher difference in electronegativity

Question 25

nucleus

Answer 25

contains chromatin (DNA+histones) chromosome found in nucleus

Question 26

nucleolus

Answer 26

site of assembly of immature ribosomes

Question 27

nuclear lamina

Answer 27

supports nucelar structure, envelope -

Question 28

n. envelope

Answer 28

separates the n from the cytoplasm