Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology of Cancer > Bio 256 Exam 2 > Flashcards

Bio 256 Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Epiidemiology

A

Study of frequency of distribution of disease in human populations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Random Fluctuation and what is its connection to p values and the chi square test

A

need to have a large sample size to rule this out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

p values and chi square test

A

the difference between what was observed and what expected was actually due to a real difference not random

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Confounding variables

A

a factor that affects the rink of developing cancer and is linked in some way to the factor being investigated
ie. age or smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Detection bias

A

failure to use consistent and equivalent procedures to measure incidence rates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Publication bias

A

journals don’t punich the absence of relationships or lack of cause-effect. So we don’t see that data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Experimenter bias

A

the scientist isn’t remaining objective
ie. viewing data thru rose tinted glasses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Selection bias

A

nonrandom volunteers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Retrospective Studies
what is it and whats its other name

A

Assess past exposure of people already with cancer
aka: “case-control studies”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Prospective Studies
and its other name

A

Follow people into the future to see who develops cancer
aka: cohort studies
a “disease free cohort” following them to see what reasons they might develop cancer
- need a large sample size
- some people will refuse to participate after a while

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

recall bias
and what studies are susceptible to this

A

people may not remember what happened to them
retrospective studies are susceptible to this bias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

post hoc fallacy

A

conflating correlation with causation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How to demonstrate cause and effect

A

Show statistical significance
Demonstrate dose-response relationship
Demonstrate magnitude (it has to at least double the rate of cancer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Randomized trials
why is it a problem on humans. who is it used on?

A

not ethical in humans it will kill them
is for animals because rats cant feel lol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ames test

A

effective way of finding cause and effect
rapid screening test of possible chemical carcinogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Main risk for human cancer

A

Age
Environmental and lifestyle (diet smoking eating)
alcohol
food choices
pesticides in our daily foods
synthetic and natural alike
red meats saturated fats
radiation exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

oncogenic virus

A

viruses that cause cancer
rouse sacarcoma, hpv, epstein barr, hepatitis b and c

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

3 principles of chemical carciongens

A

-exposure — delay —– cancer
-dose dependence
-chemical carcinogens have organ specificity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

workplace carcinogen

A

cancer causes agents the work place
asbestos is the big one
asbestos penetrates the lung and lodges in the mesothelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

modelsof dose cancer relationship

A

linear: increase dose - increase rate
threshold: no risk low, linear after threshold met
hormetic: u-shaped, low doeses decrease rate while high doses increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)

A

Mechanism of Chemical Carcinogenesis
fused benzene rings
coal tars, soots, oils when not completely burned

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q
A

Mechanism of Chemical Carcinogenesis

23
Q

Aromatic amines

A

Mechanism of Chemical Carcinogenesis

24
Q

n-nitroso

A

Mechanism of Chemical Carcinogenesis
nitrites nitrates
may be converted into carcinogens in stomach
in fruits, an pacakged meat

25
Q

akylating agents

A

Mechanism of Chemical Carcinogenesis
add akyl groups to a chemcial
in plastics, making antifreeze

26
Q

Some carcinogens must be activated by the liver

A

precarcinogens

27
Q

Some carcinogens interact directly with DNA

A

converted in liver to electrophilic molecules
so binds DNA and breaks gydogen bonds
“free radicals”

28
Q

Three stages of chemical carcinogenesis
(so cancer you get from chemicals)

A
  • initiation
    carcinogen is activated
    dna damage occurs
    precancerous cells made
  • promotion
    selection for cells that divide autonomously
    promotors: alchol, asbestos
  • progression
    selection for rapid growth
29
Q

Epigenetics

A

cancer cells turn on/off expression of unmutated genes, and change cell behavior

SO there isn’t a mutation of the genes but it is still being expressed wrong or different

30
Q

Incomplete carcinogen

A

chemical is either an initiator or a promotor

31
Q

complete carcinogen

A

chemical acts as both initiator and promotor

32
Q

potency

A

size of dose necessary to cause cancer
reasons:
some are more electrophilic and induse more mutations

33
Q

Why doesn’t everyone who is exposed to carcinogens develop cancer?

A

The type of carcinogen:
High potency or low
how long exposed
luck

34
Q

Types of radiation

A

Sunlight (UVA and UVB)
Ionizing Radiation such as
X rays, nuclear (radon, polonium, radium)
(short wavelengths are more dangerous)

35
Q

What percent of newcancers are caused to sunlight exposure

A

1/2

36
Q

Sunlight is composed of

A

electromagnetic radiaton
-infrared - visible - utraviolet (UV)

37
Q

UVA

A

longest wave, lowest energy
causes skin ages

38
Q

UVB

A

higher energy (most dangerous)
causes sunburn, tanning and cancer
partially absorbed by ozone

39
Q

UVC

A

highest energy
absorbed by the ozone
artificial sources cause cancer such as germicidal lamps

40
Q

p53 and DNA damage

A

When mutated p54 doesn’t stop the cell cycle and cells continue to proliferate (how quickly a cancer cells copies its dna and divides)

41
Q

BERT:

A

Background equivalent radiation time
how long long it takes a person to get an equivalent amount of radiation from natural sources
a mammogram is wort 3 months of background radiation
smoking per year is worth 10 years of background radiation

41
Q

Nuclear Explosions and massive doeses of ionizing radiation

A

bombs in japan

42
Q

Ionizing radiation and free radicals

A

DNA damage
free radicals form (ions that have extra elections which can destry DNA)
remove base
or break dna

43
Q

Pathogen:

A

disease producing agent

44
Q

4 criteria for proving a pathogen
kochs potsulates

A

present in deseased tissue
isolated in grown from diseased tissue
grown pathogen can then cause diesease in new tissue
newly isolated pathogen must be identical to original

45
Q

first oncogenic viruses found

A

epstein barr (EBV)

45
Q

oncogenic virus

A

often are latent

46
Q

HTVL-1 and HIV

A

HTVL-1 direct cancer rink (virus directly mutates DNA)
HIV: indirect cancer risk thru weakening immune system

47
Q

3 types of viruses

A

DNA
RNA
Retroviruses
All trigger cancer thru
A: indirect (things like weakening immune system)
B: direct (damage DNA)

48
Q

Episome

A

Viral DNA that are seperate from the host DNA (independently replicated)

48
Q

Latent virus

A

viruses are in the cells but not acting yet not triggering immune ststem

49
Q

Retroviruses (the unique one)

A

RNA as genetic material
reverese transcribed
integrase (helps insert RNA)

once inside it is a Provirus

it is unique because it is direct it can alter DNA directly

50
Q

V-src

A

is an oncogene
viral copy of onc protein

51
Q
A

Biology of Cancer (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions