bio 3

Question 1

What are the two main groups within the Archaeplastida clades?

Answer 1

Viridiplantae and Streptophyta

Viridiplantae includes plants and green algae, while Streptophyta encompasses land plants.

Question 2

What is the Shared Derived Trait (SDT) of Viridiplantae?

Answer 2

Cellulose cell walls

This trait is fundamental for the structure of plant cells.

Question 3

What are the Shared Derived Traits (SDT) of Streptophyta?

Answer 3

Cell plates, sporoplenin, flagellated sperm

These traits are significant for the reproductive and structural aspects of this clade.

Question 4

List the Shared Derived Traits (SDT) of Land Plants (Embryophytes).

Answer 4

• Alternation of generations
• Multicellular dependent embryos
• Sporangia
• Apical meristem
• Gametangia
• Cuticle
• Stomata

These traits are essential adaptations for life on land.

Question 5

What is the process of Alternation of Generations in Land Plants?

Answer 5

Zygote (diploid, 2n) → Mature sporophyte (2n) → Sporocytes undergo meiosis → Spores (haploid, n) → Gametophyte (n) → Mitosis produces gametes → Fertilization → Zygote (2n)

This cycle alternates between haploid and diploid stages.

Question 6

What are the derived traits of Vascular Plants?

Answer 6

• Vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)
• Sporophyte is dominant life stage
• Leaves
• Roots
• Sporophylls

These traits enhance nutrient and water transport as well as reproduction.

Question 7

What is the function of Phloem in vascular plants?

Answer 7

Transports sugars

Phloem operates bidirectionally from source to sink using pressure flow.

Question 8

What is the mechanism of water transport in Xylem?

Answer 8

Cohesion-Tension (hydrogen bonding)

Water moves unidirectionally from roots to leaves.

Question 9

What are the two main types of Seed Plants?

Answer 9

• Gymnosperms
• Angiosperms

These represent two major lineages of seed-producing plants.

Question 10

What are the common characteristics of Angiosperms?

Answer 10

• Fruits
• Flowers
• Double fertilization
• Endosperm
• Seeds enclosed in fruits

Angiosperms are characterized by their reproductive structures and processes.

Question 11

What is pollen in the context of seed plants?

Answer 11

The male gametophyte (microgametophyte) that produces sperm

Pollen is protected by sporopollenin, which aids in its durability.

Question 12

Fill in the blank: The process by which sporocytes undergo meiosis to produce _______ is part of the alternation of generations.

Answer 12

Spores

Spores are haploid and develop into the gametophyte stage.