BIO #3

Question 1

What is DNA composed of?

Answer 1

Two strands of nucleotides; it doesn’t have U, only ATCG.

Question 2

Define Euchromatin.

Answer 2

Euchromatin is very organized.

Question 3

Define Heterochromatin.

Answer 3

Heterochromatin is tangled.

Question 4

Define Chromatin.

Answer 4

Chromatin is loose.

Question 5

Define Chromosome.

Answer 5

Chromosome is condensed.

Question 6

What is the job of DNA polymerase?

Answer 6

DNA polymerase does the copy.

Question 7

What is the job of DNA Helicase?

Answer 7

Helicase unwinds (unzips) the DNA.

Question 8

How do mutations arise?

Answer 8

Mutations arise from mistakes in DNA.

Question 9

What is the correct order for The Dogma of Biology?

Answer 9

DNA → RNA → Proteins.

Question 10

What is the purpose of the promoter?

Answer 10

It acts as a transcriber for DNA and RNA.

Question 11

What does RNA polymerase do to the DNA?

Answer 11

RNA polymerase does not make an identical copy because it has U.

Question 12

What is created when Transcription is completed?

Answer 12

mRNA is created.

Question 13

How is rRNA structured?

Answer 13

Ribosomes protein is created.

Question 14

How is tRNA structured?

Answer 14

Transfer RNA transfers all the supplies.

Question 15

What is a codon?

Answer 15

A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides; there are 64 codons and 20 amino acids.

Question 16

How do mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA work together to perform translation?

Answer 16

mRNA and rRNA bind together, then tRNA transfers the amino acids.

Question 17

How does a single point mutation differ from a frame shift mutation?

Answer 17

A single point mutation swaps one nucleic acid; frame shift mutations are much worse.

Question 18

What is PCR?

Answer 18

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is a technique used to make copies of DNA.

Question 19

How does PCR work?

Answer 19

PCR heats up DNA and then cools the mixture to allow for DNA replication.

Question 20

What is Gel Electrophoresis?

Answer 20

laboratory technique used to separate DNA, RNA, or protein fragments

Question 21

How do scientists clone DNA into a bacterial cell?

Answer 21

Scientists use a host and a bacterial cell to clone the desired DNA.

Question 22

What is a transgenic species?

Answer 22

A transgenic species is a species that has mixed genes from different organisms.

Question 23

What is biological farming?

Answer 23

Uses natural methods and materials to control pests and diseases.

Question 24

Why are stems cell important to health sciences?

Answer 24

They are the blank slate they replace things.

Question 25

How does gene therapy work and cloning work?

Answer 25

After Birth, they work by choosing specific cells.

Question 26

Which enzyme is responsible for adding DNA compliments to synthesizing DNA?

Answer 26

DNA polymerase

Question 27

What is two individuals that are not closely related to one another have similar traits due to being in similar environments.

Answer 27

Convergent Evolution

Question 28

What level of taxonomy would come after the Phylum classification?

Answer 28

Class

Question 29

What type of evidence for evolution is due to similar traits being shared by organism with common ancestors?

Answer 29

Homologous

Question 30

A _______ mutation occurs when one or more nucleotides are added or deleted from the original gene.

Answer 30

Frame Shift

Question 31

Which statement best explains a post-fertilization barrier?

Answer 31

The zygote forms but is completely infertile

Question 32

Define Evolution.

Answer 32

Adapting to overall surroundings or Natural Selection, changes in DNA over time.

Question 33

What is a biological population?

Answer 33

All the same species.

Question 34

What is natural selection aka 'Survival of the Fittest'?

Answer 34

The process by which populations of living organisms adapt and evolve over time.

Question 35

Who postulated the Theory of Evolution?

Answer 35

Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace.

Question 36

Who helped Darwin write 'On the Origin of Species'?

Answer 36

Alfred Wallace.

Question 37

What are homological traits?

Answer 37

Characteristics or structures that are similar in different species due to shared ancestry.

Question 38

What are the Founder Effect and the Bottle-Neck Effect?

Answer 38

Founder is the overall born effect and the bottle neck is the evolution effect

Question 39

What are convergent evolution and vestigial traits?

Answer 39

Convergent evolution occurs when different species evolve similar traits independently. ## Footnote Vestigial traits are characteristics that have lost their original function through evolution but are still present.

Question 40

How does developmental evidence differ from molecular evidence for evolution?

Answer 40

Developmental evidence focuses on organismal development, while molecular evidence focuses on genetic and molecular mechanisms.

Question 41

Why is the fossil record useful for evolution?

Answer 41

The fossil record shows gradual changes in species over time.

Question 42

Explain the biological species concept.

Answer 42

Members of the same species can exchange gene

Question 43

The correct way to write a Genus and species.

Answer 43

1. Domain 2. Kingdom 3. Phylum 4. Class 5. Order 6. Family 7. Genus 8. Species Genus: Capitalized and italicized (e.g., Homo) - Species: Lowercase and italicized (e.g., sapiens) - Full species name: Homo sapiens

Question 44

What is a gene pool compared to gene flow?

Answer 44

The gene pool contains all the genetic information necessary for the population's survival and adaptation. Gene flow allows for the exchange of genetic information between populations.

Question 45

What prevents gene flow between different species?

Answer 45

Reproductive isolation is the primary mechanism that prevents gene flow between different species

Question 46

What is adaptive radiation, allopatric speciation and sympatric speciation and examples?

Answer 46

Adaptive radiation is the rapid evolution of a single species into multiple species Allopatric speciation occurs when a species is geographically isolated from others, leading to the formation of new species. Sympatric speciation occurs when a new species emerges within the same geographic area as the parent species

Question 47

What is the correct order for the Taxonomic levels

Answer 47

1. Domain 2. Kingdom 3. Phylum 4. Class 5. Order 6. Family 7. Genus 8. Species

Question 48

What are the 3 large domains?

Answer 48

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya