Bio 3 Complete Flashcards (A, B and C)
(139 cards)
1
Q
Characteristics of living organisms
A
composed of one of more cells, reproduce using DNA, obtain energy from the environment, being able to interact with the environment, maintain homeostasis(constant body temperature), can evolve as groups
2
Q
What criteria must the evidence follow in order to make those scientific facts true?
A
The evidence must be repeatable and must be peer reviewed
3
Q
Why is science always expanding and changing?
A
Science relies on knowledge and facts that can be easily replicable and reviewed, so it constantly improves
4
Q
What is the difference between science and technology?
A
They aren’t the same thing because science is the knowledge itself about the natural world whereas technology is about taking that knowledge and applying it to make more useful things
5
Q
White-nose syndrome
A
When thousands of bats were dying inside of a cave because of white stuff blocking their nose
6
Q
What are the different aspects of The Scientific Method in order to create scientific knowledge that is backed by evidence?
A
Make observations and based on those observations, ask questions, and then create a hypothesis based on those observations. Make predictions to test that hypothesis and then design tests of those predictions to test hypothesis
7
Q
Observation
A
Description, record, or measurement of any object or phenomenon
8
Q
Hypothesis
A
A guess that acts as an answer towards a question, that can be tested to see if true. Alt def: a logical explanation for observations of the natural world
9
Q
Predictions
A
If ____, then ____ scenarios. (Ex: if the white noses are caused by a transmissible fungus, then healthy bats that hibernate in contact with affected bats should develop the condition.) These can be used to help test if the hypothesis is true.
10
Q
What are the different ways to design tests for hypothesis?
A
More observations considering those predictions or designing/running experiments
11
Q
What does it mean that evidence must be repeatable?
A
The measure of the likelihood that, having produced one result from an experiment, you can try the same experiment, with the same setup, and produce that exact same result.
12
Q
Experiment
A
A repeatable manipulation of one or more aspects of the natural world(where you can change something in the natural world)
13
Q
Controlled experiment
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An experiment that consists of a control group(a group in which something is placed under normal conditions in the natural world) and other groups that each have their unique modification in order to test predictions and notice the differences
14
Q
True or false: a hypothesis that is supported by an experiment findings is 100% true
A
False, although they can say it is true with most confidence, it is not 100%. There may be new studies that counter this hypothesis
15
Q
Limitations of Science
A
Science is what we observe and measure in the natural world, but it cannot tell us if God is truly alive, what beauty is, how to use that knowledge, it doesn’t tell us what is right or wrong. But science is a powerful tool despite all these limitations
16
Q
Qualitative Observations
A
These are descriptions of an object or phenomenon(ex: White fuzz on wings destroying tissue, abnormal waking during hibernation, illness cut across species)
17
Q
Quantitative Observations
A
These are measurements about an object or phenomenon(ex: Depleted fat reserves (not enough energy to
get through hibernation) high death rate—97% of infected bats died)
18
Q
Falsifiability
A
Making sure the hypothesis was in a way that was true or false, and could be solved through an experiment. Hypothesis should also be detailed through an if, else statement(ex: if a certain type of tomato has a gene for red pigment, that type of tomato will be red)
19
Q
Descriptive Experimentation(to test hypothesis)
A
reporting data found in nature
20
Q
Analytical
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looking for patterns in the data
21
Q
Statistical
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using math tools to quantify the reliability of the data and their patterns
22
Q
Correlation
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one or more characteristics behaves in an interrelated manner(state an example for this)
23
Q
Causation
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one characteristic can be shown to cause the effect of the other
24
Q
What are the five types of studies in experimentation and what are examples
A
descriptive, analytical, statistical, correlation, causation
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What is a dependent variable in an experiment? What is an example
This is what the scientists are studying for and it is when the independent variable is changed, then scientists will notice how this changes as well to see if the hypothesis is true
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What is the independent variable in an experiment? What is an example
This is the variable that is changed in an experiment, and is what differs the other groups from a control group
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Fill in the blank, if _____, then _____
The first blank is the independent variable, the second blank is the dependent variable
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Treatment group(s)
These are the groups in an experiment apart from the control group that does have the independent variable manipulated to see the changes in the dependent variable. Other than the independent variable changing, it is still under the same standard set of conditions as the control group
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How to prevent fraud in these activities?
Many scientists within the same field continually review the research and experiments done in order to make sure there aren't any issues. This is a peer-reviewed publication, and prevents mistakes in experimental design.
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Scientific fact vs theory
A fact is a repeatable observation of the natural world, and a theory is a hypothesis that has been confirmed many times but is not considered a fact since it can possible be refuted by future evidence. It is also based on hypothesis from the scientific process but there is still a high level of certainty it is true
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Hypothesis vs theory
A hypothesis is an answer about the observations about certain objects and phenomes regarding why they happen, but a theory is when the hypothesis is proved
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The Biological Hierarchy
The hierarchy of life that lists out the complexity of different beings(consists of atom, molecule, organelle cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere)
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Homeostasis
Keeping a certain type of physiology(ex: body temperature) at a constant level. For example, a guy is outside playing basketball in 85 degree temperature. He sweats a lot because his body temperature releases those liquids in order to not make his body temperature so high
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Can a virus maintain homeostasis
No
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Something you need to know
Despite viruses not being considered living(for now), they can still cause a lot of chaos in the world(ex: COVID-19)
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Independent validation
When someone with no ties to the group constructing evidence validates the evidence given to them
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Fraud
When scientists produce information that is not accurate because they just need money and are desperate(under time constraint) and produce some random bs in order to keep their job
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Population vs Community
A population consists of only one species, whereas a community is a collection of multiple different species
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Molecules
Atoms that are strung together
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Organelles
Mini organs found within cells.
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Cells
These are the smallest LIVING thing(atoms, and anything below it aren't living). A human contains millions of cells(100 trillion in human) and they function independently
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Atom
Smallest unit of MATTER
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Ecosystem
Living and non-living components of an area(tundra, rainforests, deserts)
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Biosphere
All areas on our planet that contains life(ex: Earth). This is the largest part within the biological hierarchy, and there isn't any known fact that there is life outside of Earth
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Matter
anything that has mass and occupies space(this could even include germs and air)
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Element
These are atoms or basic elements(think of the periodic table) that cannot be broken down into a simpler thing. Ex, hydrogen cannot be broken down but water can be broken down into hydrogen and oxygen, meaning it is a molecule
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Nucleus
Made up of closely bound protons and neutrons. It's plural form is nuclei. At the center of the atom.
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Nuclear particles
Particles that make up the nucleus
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Protons
Positively charged nuclear particles
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Neutrons
Uncharged nuclear particles
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Electrons
Negatively charged particle that AREN'T part of the nucleus, but surround it
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Subatomic particles
Protons, neutrons, and electrons
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What are the different masses of subatomic particles
Electron(surrounding the nucleus) is 0(vv small, so for this class we don't care about the weight), proton is 1 atomic mass unit, neutron is 1 atomic mass unit. We can't weigh this as we don't have the technology to, so we created a new unit
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Atomic number
number of protons in an atom's nucleus (unique to each element from the periodic table)
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Atomic mass number
Combined proton and neutron count, as each of these are equal to 1 AMU (electron is equal to 0)
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Isotope
Regardless of an atom gaining weight because the amount of neutrons are increasing, it will still stay the same element because the amount of protons remains unchanged
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Hydrogen(state the chemical symbol, atomic number, atomic mass, attributes, existence)
Chemical symbol is H, Atomic number is 1, atomic mass is 1, since atomic mass = proton + neutrons and atomic number = protons, then neutrons = 0. It is gas, colorless, tasteless, flammable in air. Usually exists as H2 (two hydrogen elements combined)
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What are two different names for hydrogen isotopes
Deuterium(1 neutron) and tritium(2 neutrons)
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Carbon(state the chemical symbol, atomic number, atomic mass, attributes, existence)
Chemical symbol is C, the atomic number is 6, the atomic mass is 12, the number of neutrons is 6(12 - 6 = 6). Usually found in hydrocarbons, used to make organics. Used for fuel
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Compound
Two or more different chemical elements together
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Nitrogen(state the chemical symbol, atomic number, atomic mass, attributes, existence)
N(usually just the first letter of the element), the atomic number is 7 and mass number is 14, so the number of neutrons is 7. It's attributes that it is gas, colorless, tasteless. All living things contain nitrogen. Human body contains 3% of nitrogen
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Oxygen(state the chemical symbol, atomic number, atomic mass, attributes, existence)
Chemical symbol is O, the atomic number is 8, meaning the number of protons is 8, the atomic mass number is 16, so 16 - 8 = 8 neutrons. It is a gas that is colorless and makes up about 20% of the atmosphere. Humans inhale molecular oxygen(oxygen plus oxygen or O2), not atomic oxygen(O). Used as a final electron acceptor(important)
63
True or false, in an atom the amount of protons is equal to the number of electrons
In this class, this is true, although the electrons are not part of the nucleus
64
How do atoms combine together to form molecules?
An atom's electron capacity is determined by how many shells it has. If an atom has the atomic number of 20, then it should have 8 more electrons to hold(since it has three shells and the total amount it can hold is 28). Then that can combine with other atoms in need of others electrons to share electrons and create a chemical reaction, thus creating a molecule.
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Sometimes, there isn't a molecule made because ______
One atom is very electronegative and snatches an electron from another. Now that atom has a negative charge(because it has one more electron than proton), and the other atom has a positive charge(because it has one more proton than electron since it just lost one)
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Organic molecule
Any molecule that contains at least one carbon-hydrogen bond(CH in the molecule)
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Chemical compounds
molecules containing atoms from two or more different elements(so o2 is not a chemical compound)
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What is science?
Science is a body of knowledge(facts backed up by evidence) about the natural world. The evidence can be brought by observations, experiments, and measurements.
69
What is inside of cells?
Genome(finish the rest)
70
DNA Genome
Building specific DNA from
its building blocks of
mononucleotides: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C)
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Genome
a cells's complete set of DNA information. It contains genes.
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Genes
a segment of DNA that codes for a distinct genetic characteristic(ex: DNA could be created that represents our eye color) and is kind of like a recipe. Some kind of protein is ALWAYS a product of genes, or these recipes
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The Cell Theory
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What is the difference between cells functioning and cells surviving independently?
Cells like bacteria and unicellular organisms are good at functioning by themselves, but if you were to just take out a cell from our body (ex: skin cell) and ask it to survive on it's own, it would die as it would depend on other cells to live
75
What are different examples of cells?
Muscle cells, neurons(nerve cells), plant cells, onion plant cells
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What does DNA stand for? (VERY IMPORTANT PLEASE REMEMBER)
deoxyribonucleic acid
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What is DNA made up of?
It is made up of the four nucleic acids(adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C))
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Chemical reaction
The process of breaking existing molecules(chemical bonds between atoms) and creating new molecules (ex: 2 H2 and o2 gets broken down to create two h2o)
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Reactants
The compounds and molecules that are before the chemical reaction
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Products
What the resulting molecules are after the reaction has occurred
81
The Miller-Uray Experiment
This is an experiment in which Miller zapped methane, ammonia, hydrogen and water vapor in a closed environment in order to create amino acids
82
What are the three different types of atomic bonds?(when two atoms share electrons and then form to create a molecule)
Covalent bond, ionic bond, hydrogen bond
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Covalent bond
This is like your normal bond, and it is when two atoms share electrons in order to form a molecule or a bigger, more complex molecule
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Ions
An atom or molecule with either a positive or negative charge due to a loss of an electron from another molecule or atom with a high electronegativity
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Ionic bond
Let's say an atom loses an electron and give an electron to another atom. They are now ions. The atom that had just gave the electron is now positively charged, and the other one is negatively charged. Because of this, they attract each other, as opposites attract, but they do not share electrons
86
Hydrogen bond
This is found between two or more molecules and is different from an ionic bond. Because the hydrogen's negativity is low, when it forms a covalent bond with another atom (ex: oxygen to create water), it is partially positively charged. When another molecule gets closer to it with a partially negatively charged, they form a very weak bond as they are still attracted to each other and kind of hover towards each other
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Polar molecule
This is when one atom that is less electronegative or one atom that is more electronegative forms a bond with another atom and is either partially negatively charged or positively charged. The molecule is now _____.
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Polar covalent bond (provide and example and explain why)
An example of a polar covalent bond is h2o because the electrons for hydrogen is closer to the nucleus than oxygen is but this is formed through a covalent bond because they are sharing electrons
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electronegativity
the strength or desirability for sharing electrons
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Is oxygen electronegative?
Yes, oxygen is very electronegative and when it forms a covalent bond with another atom, it will have a partially negative charge, unlike hydrogen
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Why is water polar?
Because of cohesion, adhesion, and hydrogen bonds
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cohesion
the interaction between like molecules. ex: water interacting with water
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adhesion
the interaction between different molecules. ex: water droplets interacting with glass
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solution
a completely homogenous mixture made of two or more substances (ex: salt water)
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solvent
the substance in which something in is dissolved
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solute
the substance that is dissolved
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What is a homogeneous mixture?
When you mix the solvent and solute, you cannot tell the different between the two, for example Cool Aid, you remember that the solvent was water and solute was the powder, but it doesn't look like powder inside of water, but just like red water. You can't differentiate between the two
98
Why does water interact well with ions and polar molecules?
It's because water is made of H2O, and that is a polar molecule itself(hydrogen has a very low electronegativity, and oxygen has a very high electronegativity), so when it sees something that is partially positive or partially negative, or even negative or positive, it can interact well because opposites attract
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Hydrophobic
Molecules that don't mix well with water. For example, fats and oils, or all nonpolar molecules because they are chargeless
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Hydrophilic
Molecules that mix well with water
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The three different phases of water
Liquid, gas, and solid
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What happens when water freezes?
The hydrogen bonds are stronger and water molecules can be less spaced out, and therefore it takes up more space than water but is less dense(because it takes up most space but has less weight, density is the relationship between weight and space)
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What happens when water is in liquid form?
Water is in that liquid form because the hydrogen bonds are constantly breaking and reforming
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acid
they give up hydrogen ions
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bases
they accept them and take them for themselves
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pH Scale
represents the concentration of hydrogen ions an atom contain
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What bond do polymers have?
Covalent bonds. Monomers are small molecules, whether it would be nucleic acids, carbohydrates, or proteins, and so when they are combined, they form a polymer
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Monosaccharides
This is the name of the simple sugar and is used to create polymers, or polysaccharides. This is also used to create ATP, or energy for cellular life
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What are some examples of carbohydrates?
Ribose, glucose, fructose
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Polysaccharides
This is multiple monosaccharides, or carbohydrates grouped together in order to create energy
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True or false: body cells can survive on their own
False, body cells rely on their body's other cells in order to survive
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What are two cells that are good at surviving on their own
Bacteria and unicellular organisms
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What are four different type of cells?
Neurons(brain cells), muscle cells, plant cells, onion plant cells
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What are the different ways to tell which macromolecule out of the four a molecule fits into?
Review this idr get it
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What macromolecule is DNA part of?
It is part of the nucleic acid
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Why does the genome contain all of the genetic information for an organism, basically a blueprint for how they should be built?
It contains genes
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What is the monomer for nucleic acid?
Mononucleotides
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What is the polymer for nucleic acid?
Polynucleotides
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What is an example of a polynucleotide?
DNA and RNA
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What is an example of a mononucleotide?
One part of the polymer that is made through an arrangement of adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine
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Complete explanation of the genome
Basically, in the genome there contains the full genetic information for the cell that can be used as instructions, and so it contains polynucleotides, such as DNA, which is formed using a strand of nucleotides. The nucleotides are formed when there is one nitrogenous base(adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine), one phosphate group, and one simple sugar, which is the carbohydrate monomer.
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The Cell Theory
All living organisms has at least one living cell, and all cells currently living came previously from another cell
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virus
a small infectious thing that uses it's host's cell for energy or replication
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what are the physical traits of viruses?
Most viruses have a DNA genome wrapped in a protein coat
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What are some characteristics that make virus seem alive?
It is able to evolve, interact with the environment, and reproduce
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What are some characteristics that make virus differ from other living organisms?
Viruses are not made up of cells, and because of their very simple structure, they cannot maintain homeostasis
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Genetic trait
any inherited characteristic (from a family member or something) that can be observed or detected
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invariant traits
traits that are all the same
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What are the different parts of a cell?
The plasma membrane, phospholipids, and liposome
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plasma membrane
The area of the cell that protects the inner parts of the cell from interacting with the outer environment
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Phospholipids, plasma membrane, and liposome
Phospholipids consist of fatty acid tails that are hydrophobic and hydrophilic heads. When these molecules are in an aqueous environment, they arrange themselves so that the hydrophilic heads face the water and the hydrophobic tails face away from the water, forming a phospholipid bilayer, which creates the plasma membrane. Liposomes are spherical vesicles formed from a phospholipid bilayer and are used in drug delivery and research.
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Selective permeability
the phospholipid bilayer, or membrane that lets some substances pass through the cells and some that don't
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What are proteins used for in the phospholipid bilayer or the membrane?
They can move molecules through the membrane, and allow what molecules to enter the membrane and what not
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transport proteins
these are channels and pumps that move molecules through the membrane
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REVIEW THE DIFFERENT PROTEINS WITHIN THE MEMBRANE IN THE C LECTURE
Okay!
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Diffusion
This is when more particles move to an area with less particles (concentration difference), and this connects back to membrane movement because of transport proteins that allow these particles to move in and out of the membrane
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Facilitated diffusion
Makes particles easier to transport toward the side where there are less particles through transport proteins or whatever rather than simple diffusion
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passive transport
it doesn't need any external energy nor assistance to move from one side to another, unlike active transport
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