BIO 334 Exam 2 Flashcards
(105 cards)
1
Q
Fill In the Blank
The endocrine system includes… that secrete…
A
- Glands
- Hormones
1
Q
What are the communication and control systems in the body?
A
Nervous and Endocrine
2
Q
Compare and Contrast the nervous and endocrine systems.
A
Compare
-Both control internal homeostasis
-Both use chemical messengers and receptors
Differences
-Differ in the effective concentration of chemical messengers
-Differ in speed
-Differ in duration or action
3
Q
What is a gland?
A
An organ that secretes something
4
Q
What are the ways of chemical messengers?
A
- Cytoplasmic contact (Gap Junction)
- Recognition of molecules on adjacent cells(cell adhesion molecules)
- Local diffusion (neurotransmitter & Paracrine and Autocrine)
- Blood transport
- Outside environment
5
Q
True or False
Kairomones are released by animals and are detected by plants
A
False, They are released by plants and are detected by animals
6
Q
What are the two types of glands?
A
Exocrine and Endocrine
7
Q
What are hormones?
A
Metabolically produced chemical substances released by nonneural and neuron cells
8
Q
Where do hormones travel?
A
In the blood
9
Q
TRUE OR FALSE
Hormones are effective at high levels
A
False, at very low levels
10
Q
What are the 3 classes of hormones
A
Steroids, Peptides/Proteins, and Amines
11
Q
Lipids are synthesized from…
A
Cholesterol
12
Q
Testosterone and estrogen are what type of hormones
A
Steroids
13
Q
What amino acids are derived from amines
A
Tryptophan and Tyrosine
14
Q
Amine and Peptide hormones are stored and synthesized where?
A
Secretory vesicles
15
Q
TRUE OR FALSE
Steroids are made from precursors and are immediately secreted
A
True
16
Q
What is basal secretion?
A
The resting level of hormone secretion
17
Q
What signals are responsible for tonic secretion
A
Nervous signals, neurohormones, hormones, and conditions in ECF
18
Q
What are the 3 types of receptors
A
-Intracellular receptors
-G-coupled membrane receptors
-Enzyme-linked membrane receptors
19
Q
What is the difference between up and down regulation?
A
Up: receptors inserted through exocytosis
Down: internalisation via endocytosis
20
Q
What are all the layers of the adrenal gland?
A
Adrenal medulla
Zona Fascitula
Zona reticularis
Zona Glomerolus
Capsule
21
Q
What are the 2 lobes of the Pituitary gland?
A
Neurohypophysis (Posterior)
Adenohypophysis (Anterior)
22
Q
What are the 2 nuclei of the neurosecretory neurons?
A
Paraventricular and Supraoptic
23
Q
What hormone does the paraventricular neuron release?
A
Oxytocin
24
What hormone does the supraoptic neuron release?
ADH
25
What is the condition called when there's an insufficient ADH value producing more urine?
Diabetes Insipidus
26
What is SIADH
A condition of releasing too much ADH called Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion
27
What 2 factors regulate the secretion of ADH and Oxytocin?
Blood osmolarity and Blood volume
28
Describe the pathway of hormone release starting with Hypothalamus ending at systemic circulation.
Hypothalamus--> Hypothalamic Tropic hormone--> Hypothalamic Pituitary Portal Vein--> Anterior Pituitary--> Anterior Pituitary tropic hormones--> Systemic circulation
29
What are two types of systemic inputs?
Circadian cycle and stress
30
What happens to the body during the Alarm phase?
Adrenaline release
Pupils dilate
Increase respiratory
Increase heart rate
Increase blood sugar
31
What is CRH
Corticotrophin-releasing hormone. Which is the main hormone that stimulates ACTH in response to stress
32
What is ACTH
Adrenocorticotropic hormone. The main hormone to produce glucocorticoids
33
TRUE OR FALSE
When the body senses stress the parasympathetic system is activated
False, sympathetic
34
What type of cells are in the thyroid gland?
Follicle cells
35
What hormone is the precursor to produce thyroid hormone?
Thyroglobulin
36
What does the parathyroid regulate?
Calcium levels
37
What is goiter?
A condition when the thyroid is enlarged due to an iodine deficiency
38
What are the 2 endocrine cells found in the pancreas?
Insulin and Glucagon
39
What type of cells are found in the pancreas and what doe they secrete?
Alpha: Secretes glucagon
Beta: Secretes insulin
Delta: Secretes somatostatin
F: Secretes pancreatic polypeptides
40
What cells are found in the exocrine glands of the pancreas?
Acinar and duct
41
What is a normal blood pressure value?
120/80
42
How does the body regulate blood volume after blood loss?
1. Increase the production of aldosterone and vasopressin
2. Vasopressin increases water reabsorption and aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption in the kidneys
3. Fluid retention is the increased
4. Blood volume increases
5. Blood pressure increases
43
What are the 2 endocrine mechanisms to maintain blood volume and pressure
Renin-Angiotensin-aldosterone system
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
44
The nervous system collects... analyzes it and generates co-ordinated...
1. Information
2. Output
45
What are the 4 functional regions of a neuron?
1. Axon
2. Dendrite
3. Pre-synaptic
4. Cell Body
46
What is the difference between afferent and efferent neurons?
Afferent: Relay sensory signals to the brain
Efferent: Relay sensory signals from the brain to the target cells
47
What is a glial cell
Supports the neuron
48
What's the ratio between neurons & Glial cells
1:10
49
What is the composition of the CNS?
Brain and Spinal Cord
50
What are interneurons?
Relay signals within the CNS
51
The PNS extends from... to all points of the body
CNS
52
BLANK is a bundle of axons in the PNS
Nerve
53
What is a tract/pathway
Bundle of axon
54
What's the difference between the preganglionic and postganglionic in the para and sympathetic of the autonomic nervous system
Parasympathetic: Long preganglionic neuron; Short Postganglionic neuron
Sympathetic: Short Preganglionic neuron; Long postganglionic
55
What's the difference between the autonomic and somatic nervous system?
Autonomic: Regulates internal involuntary function
Somatic: Regulates voluntary movements
56
What neuron makes up the somatic nervous system?
Somatic motor neuron
57
What is the difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: Dominates during stress
Parasympathetic: Housekeeping functions
58
What regions of the spinal cord is the sympathetic nervous system found?
Thoracic and lumbar
59
What regions of the spinal cord is the parasympathetic nervous system found?
Cranial and sacral regions
60
True or False
The parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system are normally not activated at the same time
False, they are both activated usually in continuous opposition
61
What type of ganglions are chromaffin cells?
Modified postganglionic
62
Charged particles interact with the plasma membrane. What are the 2 forces that act on charged atoms?
Chemical gradient and Electrical potential
63
What is the voltage difference across a membrane at which an ionic species can diffuse across the membrane?
Electrochemical equilibrium
64
True or False
The Nernst Equation applies to 2 ions at a time
False, applies to 1
65
What factors determine resting membrane potential?
1. Unequal distribution of inorganic ions
2. Relative ion permeabilities
66
What are excitable cells?
Cells capable of modulating their membrane potential (Em) in response to stimulation from their environment
67
What are examples of excitable cells?
Nerve and Muscle
68
What is a threshold potential?
the value of Em where the influx of Na+
exactly balances the efflux of K+
69
What ions are outside of the cell?
Sodium, Calcium
70
What ions are inside the cells?
Potassium and other anion ions
71
What does it mean to De-polarize?
This means gaining more positive ions to the inside of the cell
72
What does it mean to Re-polarize?
This means gaining more negative ions to the inside of the cell.
73
What type of feedback is the Hodgin's Cycle
Positive
74
What does the skeletal framework provide for the body?
Movement and support
75
What are myofibrils?
Repeating pattern of crosswise of thick and thin filament
76
Describe the structure of thick filament
Aggregates of myosin
They consist of a ATP binding globular head and a long fibrous tail
77
Describe the structure of thin filament
Long actin strands containing myosin binding sites
78
What regulates thin filaments?
Troponin and Tropomyosin
79
What is a sacromere?
A basic repeating striated pattern of a myofibril
80
What theory describes muscle contraction?
Sliding filament Theory
81
What is the body's response to high levels of Ca2+
The thyroid gland releases Calcitonin---> Calcitonin will inhibit the release of Ca2+ from the osteoclast---> Calcitonin reduces Ca2+ uptake in the kidneys---> Calcitonin reduces Ca2+ uptake from the intestines.
82
What is the body's response to low levels of Ca2+
The parathyroid gland releases PTH---> PTh inhibits osteoblast stimulating osteoclast to release Ca2+ into the bloodstream---> PTH will stimulate kidneys to reabsorb Ca2+---> PTH stimulates the intestines to absorb more Ca2+.
83
What is the HPA axis?
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is your stress response system it triggers the fight-or-flight response
84
You are walking down a mountain trail when you hear the sound of a rattlesnake! What is the HPA axis doing to your body?
Hypothalamus releases CRF---> CRF will then stimulate the Adenohypophysis to release ACTH---> ACTH will activate the adrenal glands to release cortisol activating the sympathetic nervous system
85
When is oxytocin released?
Breastfeeding, childbirth, and sex
86
A muscle exerts its force on a...
Load
87
The force exerted by a muscle on the load is called...
Muscle tension
88
What is an isometric contraction?
When the load is exceeds the muscle tension
89
What are the 3 functions of ATP in contraction-relaxation cycle?
1. Activates myosin cross-bridges for binding to actin
2. Activates the Ca2+ pump to transport Ca2+ back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
3. Binds to the cross-bridge for de-attachment of myosin from actin
90
How many motor neurons can a muscle have?
100 to 1000
91
What makes multiunit smooth muscles different from single smooth muscles?
-Not stretch-sensitive
-Little to no gap junctions
-Functioned by the ANS
92
What makes single smooth muscle different from multiunit smooth muscles?
-Stretch-sensitive
-Contract together
-Tightly coupled by the gap junctions
93
Is there a summation for cardiac muscles?
No
94
Compare and Contrast arteries and veins
Similarities
-Connective tissues
-Smooth muscle
-Epithelium
-connected through capillaries
Differences
-Arteries are thicker
-Veins have little pressure compared to arteries
-Veins have valve arteries don't
-Arteries travel blood away from the heart
-Veins travel blood to the heart
95
What are the 3 types of blood vessels?
Arteries, Capillaries, and Veins
96
What is the equation for cardiac output?
Stroke Volume x Heart Rate
97
What is the equation for stroke volume?
(End - Diastolic volume) - (End -Systolic volume)
98
What region controls electrical activity in the heart?
Pacemaker
99
Where does the SA node spread the electrical signal?
Both artia
100
What is the bundle of AV nodes called?
Purkinje fibres
101
Contractions are triggered by... of the plasma membrane
Depolarization
102
When looking at a mean blood pressure diagram which type of blood vessel causes the shift in pressure?
Arterioles
103
Which blood vessels have the highest level of compliance?
Veins
104
What the difference between positive and negative feedback?
Positive feedback occurs when the release of a hormone causes a further increase in
secretion of that same hormone.
Negative feedback occurs when the release of a hormone ultimately dampens the hormonal response by decreasing the rate of secretion.
