BIO 360 - Exam 1 - Chapter 3 Outline

Question 1

The ______ cavity {cranium, skull} contains the brain, our primary control center.
The ______ cavity is bounded by the spine and ribs on top and sides, with the muscular diaphragm forming the floor.
The ______ contains the heart, which is enclosed in a membranous pericardial sac {peri-,heart}, and the two lungs, enclosed in separate pleural sacs.

Answer 1

cranial / thoracic / thorax

Question 2

The interior of any hollow organ is called its ______.

Answer 2

lumen

Question 3

Cancer is a condition in which a small group of cells starts to divide uncontrollably and fails to differentiate into specialized cell types. Cancerous cells that originate in one tissue can escape from that tissue and spread to other organs through the circulatory system and the lymph vessels, a process known as ______.

Answer 3

metastasis

Question 4

What are the two main fluid compartments of the cell body?

Answer 4

(1) the extracellular fluid (ECF) outside the cells
(2) the intracellular fluid (ICF) within the cells

Question 5

The word ______ may apply either to a tissue or to a phospholipid-protein boundary layer.

Answer 5

membrane

Question 6

The general functions of the cell membrane include

Answer 6

(1) Physical isolation. The cell membrane is a physical barrier that separates intracellular fluid inside the cell from the surrounding extracellular fluid.
(2) Regulation of exchange with the environment. The cell membrane controls the entry of ions and nutrients into the cell, the elimination of cellular wastes, and the release of products from the cell.
(3) Communication between the cell and its environment. The cell membrane contains proteins that enable the cell to recognize and respond to molecules or to changes in its external environment. Any alteration in the cell membrane may affect the cell’s activities.
(4) Structural support. Proteins in the cell membrane hold the cytoskeleton, the cell’s interior structural scaffolding, in place to maintain cell shape. Membrane proteins also create specialized junctions between adjacent cells or between cells and the extracellular matrix {extra-, outside}, which is extracellular material that is synthesized and secreted by the cells. Cell-cell and cell-matrix junctions stabilize the structure of tissues.

Question 7

______ is the process by which a cell releases a substance into the extracellular space.

Answer 7

Secretion

Question 8

All biological membranes consist of a combination of ______ and ______ plus a small amount of carbohydrate.

Answer 8

lipids and proteins

Question 9

Three main types of lipids make up the cell membrane:

Answer 9

phospholipids, sphingolipids, and cholesterol.

Question 10

When placed in an aqueous solution, phospholipids orient themselves…

Answer 10

so that the polar heads of the molecules interact with the water molecules while the nonpolar fatty acid tails “hide” by putting the polar heads between themselves and the water.

Question 11

______ or ______ of proteins is one way cells alter protein function.

Answer 11

Phosphorylation or dephosphorylation

Question 12

The 20–25 amino acids in the protein chain segments that pass through the bilayer are ______. This allows those amino acids to create strong ______ interactions with the lipid tails of the membrane ______, holding them tightly in place.

Answer 12

nonpolar / noncovalent / phospholipids

Question 13

______ on the cell surface play a key role in the body’s immune response. For example, the ABO blood groups are determined by the number and composition of sugars attached to membrane sphingolipids.

Answer 13

Glycoproteins

Question 14

The cytoplasm includes all material inside the cell membrane except for the nucleus. The cytoplasm has four components:

Answer 14

(1) Cytosol or intracellular fluid: The cytosol contains dissolved nutrients and proteins, ions, and waste products. The other components of the cytoplasm—inclusions, fibers, and organelles—are suspended in the cytosol.
(2) Inclusions are particles of insoluble materials. Some are stored nutrients. Others are responsible for specific cell functions. These structures are sometimes called the nonmembranous organelles.
(3) Insoluble protein fibers form the cell’s internal support system, or cytoskeleton.
(4) Organelles—“little organs”—are membrane-bound compartments that play specific roles in the overall function of the cell. For example, the organelles called mitochondria (singular, mitochondrion) generate most of the cell’s ATP, and the organelles called lysosomes act as the digestive system of the cell.

Question 15

The insoluble protein fibers of the cell have two general purposes:

Answer 15

structural support and movement.

Question 16

The cytoskeleton has at least five important functions:

Answer 16

(1) Cell shape.
(2) Internal organization. Cytoskeletal fibers stabilize the positions of organelles.
(3) Intracellular transport. The cytoskeleton helps transport materials into the cell and within the cytoplasm by serving as an intracellular “railroad track” for moving organelles.
(4) Assembly of cells into tissues.
(5) Movement. The cytoskeleton helps cells move.

Question 17

______ ______ are proteins that convert stored energy into directed movement.

Answer 17

Motor proteins

Question 18

Three groups of motor proteins are associated with the cytoskeleton: ______, ______, and ______. All three groups use energy stored in ATP to propel themselves along cytoskeleton fibers.

Answer 18

myosins, kinesins, and dyneins -

Question 19

The second compartment inside a mitochondrion is the intermembrane space, which lies between the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes.

What is the role of the intermembrane space?

Answer 19

Mitochondrial ATP production - the number of mitochondria in a cell is directly related to the cell’s energy needs.

For example, skeletal muscle cells, which use a lot of energy, have many more mitochondria than less active cells, such as adipose (fat) cells.

Question 20

How does mitochondria replicate?

Answer 20

Budding - during which small daughter mitochondria pinch off from an enlarged parent.

For instance, exercising muscle cells that experience increased energy demands over a period of time may meet the demand for more ATP by increasing the number of mitochondria in their cytoplasm.

Question 21

What is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

What are the three major functions?

Answer 21

A network of interconnected membrane tubes.

Synthesis, storage, and transport of biomolecules.

Question 22

The ______ ______ ______ is the main site of protein synthesis.

Answer 22

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 23

The ______ ______ ______ lacks attached ribosomes and is the main site for the synthesis of fatty acids, steroids, and lipids

Answer 23

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 24

The ______ ______ receives proteins made on the rough ER, modifies them, and packages them into the vesicles.

Answer 24

Golgi apparatus

Question 25

______ act as the digestive system of the cell.

Answer 25

Lysosomes

Question 26

One of the best-known lysosomal storage diseases is the fatal inherited condition known as ______ disease. Describe the what happens to infants with this disease.

Answer 26

Tay-Sachs: Infants with Tay-Sachs disease have defective lysosomes that fail to break down glycolipids. Accumulation of glycolipids in nerve cells causes nervous system dysfunction, including blindness and loss of coordination.

Question 27

What causes necrosis and what happens during necrosis?

Answer 27

In necrosis, cells die from physical trauma, toxins, or lack of oxygen when their blood supply is cut off. Necrotic cells swell, their organelles deteriorate, and finally the cells rupture. The cell contents released this way include digestive enzymes that damage adjacent cells and trigger an inflammatory response.

Question 28

Cells that undergo programmed cell death are called ______, and do not disrupt their neighbors when they die.

Answer 28

apoptosis

Question 29

The ______ is an excellent example of an organ that incorporates all four types of tissue into an integrated whole.

Answer 29

skin: we think of skin as a thin layer that covers the external surfaces of the body, but in reality it is the heaviest single organ, at about 16% of an adult’s total body weight!

Question 30

The ______ is the functional unit of living organisms. 

Answer 30

cell

Question 31

______ are inclusions that take part in protein synthesis.

Answer 31

Ribosomes

Question 32

______ that aid the movement of chromosomes during cell division, ______ that move fluid or secretions across the cell surface, and ______ that propel sperm through body fluids are made of ______.

Answer 32

Centrioles / cilia / flagella / microtubules

Question 33

______ generate most of the cell’s ATP.

Answer 33

Mitochondria

Question 34

Animal cell junctions fall into three categories. ______ ______ allow chemical and electrical signals to pass directly from cell to cell. ______ ______ restrict the movement of material between cells. ______ ______ hold cells to each other or to the extracellular matrix.

Answer 34

Gap junctions / Tight junctions / Anchoring junctions

Question 35

______ glands release their secretions into the external environment through ducts. ______ glands are ductless glands that release their secretions, called hormones, directly into the extracellular fluid.

Answer 35

Exocrine / Endocrine