BIO 370 - Exam 1 - Early Vertebrates

Question 1

Go over the phylogenetic tree, how to develop a clade, and specific structures on animals highlighted in PowerPoint.

Question 2

Describe the traits that define Metazoa.

M
M

Answer 2

Multicellular heterotrophs
Motile at some point in their life cycle

Question 3

Describe the synapomorphies of chordates.

E
M
N
N

Answer 3

Notochord
Neural tube
Muscular post-anal tail
Endostyle

Question 4

Describe the synapomorphies of cephalochordates.

H
M
O
P
P
S
W

Answer 4

Myomeres (muscles)
Partially closed circulatory system
Hepatic caecum (homologous to liver/pancreas)
Podocytes (kidney-like cells)
Symmetrical pharyngeal gill slits
Oral cirri (filter)
Wheel organ (circulates food through mouth)

Question 5

Describe the synapomorphies of urochordates.

I
P
T

Answer 5

In-current and ex-current siphons
Tunic
Pharyngeal basket

Question 6

Describe the synapomorphies of vertebrates.

C
C
G
H
M
M
M
V

Answer 6

Vertebrae
Cranium
Head, sense organs, and brain
Complex endocrine systems
Muscularized gut tube
Multichambered heart
Mineralized tissue
Gills

Question 7

Describe the three vertebrate embryonic germ layers and what forms from each.

Answer 7

Ectoderm: outermost layer forms skin, linings of digestive tract, nervous system
Endoderm: innermost layer forms liver, pancreas, lining of urinary and respiratory system, glands
Mesoderm: middle layer forms muscles, skeleton, connective tissue, circulatory and urogenital systems

Question 8

List the vertebrate organ systems that will guide our learning in this course and describe them in early vertebrates.

Answer 8

Slide 29

Question 9

Protostomes vs Deuterostomes

Answer 9

Protostomes: embryonic gut opening becomes the mouth and second opening becomes the anus

Deuterostomes: embryonic gut opening becomes the anus and second opening becomes the mouth