Bio Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
Allele that covers up recessive allele and is expressed in the phenotype
A
Dominant
2
Q
Physical traits
Ex. Tall/short
A
Phenotype
3
Q
1st generation of offspring
Created by p1
A
F1 generation
4
Q
Chromosomes from a dividing cell placed in a chart with a homologous partner to determine gender& genetic disorders
A
Karyotype
5
Q
Genetic makeup; list of alleles for possible offspring
AA, aa, Aa
A
Genotype
6
Q
Genes for different traits segregate independently during formation of gametes
A
Principle of independent assortment
7
Q
Austrian monk who founded genetics
experimented with pea plants
Father of genetics
A
Gregor Mendel
8
Q
Likelihood that something will happen
A
Probability
9
Q
Sex cell, such as egg or sperm
A
Gamete
10
Q
Both alleles are dominant& fight for expression
Causes speckling
A
Co-Dominance
11
Q
Specific characteristic determined by a gene
A
Trait
12
Q
Someone who has a gene but doesn’t portray it
A
Carrier
13
Q
Parent generation
A
P1 generation
14
Q
Covered by dominant
shown in phenotype only when both alleles are recessive
A
Recessive
15
Q
1st cell formed after fertilization
A
Zygote
16
Q
Offspring from F1 generation
A
F2 generation
17
Q
Individual with unknown genotype crossed with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype
A
Test cross
18
Q
A piece of DNA that contains info to create proteins
Determines traits
A
Gene
19
Q
Neither allele is completely dominant
Causes blending
A
Incomplete Dominance
20
Q
Cross involving two traits
A
Dihybrid cross
21
Q
Alleles from each parent are different
Aa
A
Heterozygous
22
Q
Genetic info bundled into packages of DNA
A
Chromosomes
23
Q
Cross between two individuals using 1 trait
Tt xTt
A
Monohybrid Cross
24
Q
2 carbon rings
A
Purines
A&G
25
Where 2 sister chromatids meet& are held together
Centromere
26
A sugar; where nitrogenous bases attach in DNA
Deoxyribose
27
Each gamete carries only one allele per gene
Principle of segregation
28
Location of a gene on a chromosome
Locus
29
A, C, T, G
Adanine, cytosine, thymine (uracil), Guanine
| A+T, C+G
30
Enzyme that deals out nucleotides to old strands of DNA to create 2 new identical strands
DNA polymerase
31
Follow a trait through several generations of a family
Pedigree
32
DNA doubles during the S phases of interphase
DNA replication
33
Determines gender
| Male-XY Female-XX
Sex determination
34
Replaces deoxyribose in RNA
Ribose
35
DNA vs. RNA
DNA: deoxyribose, thymine, 2 chains
RNA: ribose, uracil, 1 chain
36
1 carbon ring
Pyrimidines
| C&T
37
A deoxyribose, phosphate, and nitrogenous base
Nucleotide
38
1 side of a chromosome
Chromatid
39
Made of amino acids, 2+ make a protein
Polypeptide
40
Heritable changes in genetic info
Mutations
41
On mRNA, opposite of promoter
| TAC=AUG
Start codon (methionine)
42
Enzyme that unzips the hydrogen bonds
Helicase
43
Shape DNA takes when it replicates
Replication Fork
44
Decodes instructions and builds proteins
tRNA
| Transfer RNA
45
Weak bond that holds the bases together
| How many between bases?
Hydrogen bonds
A+T=2
C+G=3
46
Marks where gene end
Termination Signal
| ATT, ACT, ATC
47
DNA unzips and rezips farther further down when replicating, creating a bubble in between
Replication bubble
48
Genes that are only found on sex chromosomes
Sex-linked
48
Process of copying instructions from DNA to RNA
Transcription
49
Analyzing DNA fragments within gel to find similarities
DNA fingerprinting
50
Any 3 nucleotide sequences that code for an amino acid
| Any combo of A, C, G, U
Codon
51
Strong bond that Holds phosphate and deoxyribose together
Covalent
52
Copies& transports instructions from DNA to ribosome
mRNA
| Messenger RNA
53
3 domains
Bacteria. Archae(archaebacteria) and eukarya (Protista, fungi, plantar, animalia)
54
3 nucleotide sequence on tRNA- exact opposite of mRNA
| AUG= UAC
Anticodon
55
Grouping organisms according to characteristics & evolutionary history
Taxonomy
56
Aid in transcription- relaxes DNA and helps build complementary mRNA chain
RNA Polymerase
57
Building blocks of proteins, 2+ make a polypeptide
Amino acids
58
Along with James Watson, discovered the structure of DNA
Francis Crick
59
2 subunits that create 1 ribosome; where translation takes place
rRNA
| ribosomal RNA
60
Made up of polypeptides, which are made of amino acids
Proteins
61
Scientist who worked with Francis Crick to discover the structure of DNA
James Watson
62
On mRNA, opposite of termination signal on DNA
| ATT= UAA, ACT=UGA, ATC=UAG
Stop Codon
63
Process of decoding the mRNA into a protein
Translation
64
DNA is negatively charged; apply electric current to DNA to separate DNA from biggest to smallest size
Gel electrophoresis
65
Woman whose work with DNA crystallography and X-ray diffraction led to the discovery of structure of DNA
Photograph 51
Rosalind Franklin
66
Classification system
```
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
```
67
Evolutionary history of an organism
Phylogeny
68
Binomial nomenclature
Genus species (italics or underlined)
69
In 1753 he developed 4 level classification system as well as binomial nomenclature
Linnaeus
70
No backbone
Invertebrate
71
Similar structures in species that originated from a common ancestor
Homologous structure
72
Both alleles are the same-AA
Homozygous
73
5 kingdoms
Animalia (multi, eukary, hetero), plantae (multi, eukary, auto), fungi(multi, eukary, saprophytic), Protista (uni, eukary) bacterium (uni, prokary)
74
Signals where gene begins on DNA
Promoter
| TAC
75
Worked with DNA for years& contributed to discovery of structure of DNA
Maurice Wilkins
76
Author of "The Lrigin of Species"
| Developed theory of evolution
Darwin
77
Environment selects organisms with variations that have best chance to survive and reproduce
Natural selection
78
Organisms are well adapted to environment so they survive and reproduce
Survival of the fittest
Fitness
78
When an entire species dies off
Extinction
80
There is natural variation in inherited traits due to random mutations
Variation
81
Stud y of geographical distribution of fossils and living organisms
Biogeography
82
Structure without function now but may have helped past generations
Vestigial structure
83
Embryos of related organisms are very similar and difficult to distinguish
Embryonic homology
84
Genes that have remained unchanged throughout evolution
Conserved genes
85
Giant land mass before continents drifted apart
Pangea
86
Humans speed up evolution by selective breeding
Artificial selection
87
Group of organisms of the same species living in the same area
Population
88
All of the alleles in all of the individuals that make up a population
Gene pool
89
DNA similarities between humans and apes
98-99% identical gene sequences
89
If you cut animal down the middle, both sides are same
Bilateral symmetry
90
All parts radiate out from a central point and are the same
| Ex. Starfish
Radial symmetry
91
Population gets low, so gene pool is small, making it hard to adapt
Bottleneck effect
92
Traces of dead organic matter that shows how organisms have changed over time
Fossil
93
Characteristics of fish
Operculum, swim bladder, lateral line, scales
94
No pattern can be found
| Ex. Sponge
No symmetry
95
Blood is pumped into body cavities and is not always contained in blood vessels
Open circulatory system
96
Recognizable head with sensory organs
| Always in animals with bilateral symmetry
Cephalization
97
Have a backbone
Vertebrate
99
Puddles, ponds, streams, rivers, lakes, inland marshes
Freshwater habitats
100
Characteristics of mammals
Endothermic, mammary glands, give birth to love young, hair/fur
101
Skeleton on the outside
Exoskeleton
102
Internal skeleton
Endoskeleton
104
Provides support& movement for Annelida
Fluid filled cavity
105
Oceans/ saltwater
Marine habitat
106
Characteristics of annelids
Segmentation, cephaliztion(ganglia), setae, clitellum, digestive, respiration, and excretory organs
107
Where marine and freshwater habitats meet
Brackish
108
Habitat on land
Terrestrial habitat
109
Head
Anterior
111
Organisms that are able to make their own food as in photosynthesis
Autotrophs
112
Rear
Posterior
113
Ventral
Stomach
114
Pupa of a butterfly
Chrysalis
115
Breathing mechanisms
Gills, lungs, skin, and trachea/spiracles
116
Incomplete metamorphosis
Egg, nymph, adult
117
Characteristics of ALL chordates
Notochord
Hollow, dorsal nerve cord
Pharyngeal slits
Postanal tail
118
Complete metamorphosis
Egg, larva, pupa, adult
119
Pupa of a moth
Cocoon
120
Blood is closed within blood vessels at all times
Closed circulatory system
121
Digestive organs in annelids
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, intestines, anus
122
Respiration and excretion in annelids
Breathe through skin
| Nephridia eliminate liquid waste and balance H20
123
Characteristics of reptiles
Amniotic eggs, terrestrial(have lungs), 3 chambered heart
| Chelonia (turtles& tortoises) Crocodilia (alligators and crocodiles) Squamata (snakes and lizards)
124
Characteristics of Arthropoda
Jointed appendages, open circulatory system, antennae, head, thorax (cephalothorax in arachnids and crustaceans) abdomen, compound eye, cheliped
125
Characteristics of amphibians
Pulmonary circulation, tadpoles, webbed feet, 3 chambered heart, metamorphosis
126
Back
Dorsal
127
Characteristics of ALL vertebrates
Vertebrae, cranium, endoskeleton, cartilage/hard bone, tetrapods, hinged lower jaw
128
Organisms that must consume other organisms for energy
Heterotrophs
129
Most common disorder
Addition at # 21- Down syndrome
