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Bio 422 Exam 1 > Bio 422 > Flashcards

Bio 422 Flashcards

1
Q

Phenotype

A

outward appearance of an organism
ex: tall, P

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2
Q

Genotype

A

genetic makeup of an organism
ex: TT or Tt

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3
Q

Dominant

A

Describes a trait that covers over, or dominates, another form of that trait

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4
Q

Recessive

A

An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present

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5
Q

Heterozygous

A

having two different alleles for a trait

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6
Q

Homozygous

A

having two identical alleles for a trait

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7
Q

Gene

A

equivalents of mendel’s trait

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8
Q

Allele

A

form of a gene

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9
Q

important phenotypic ratios

A

3:1
1:1
9:3:3:1
1:1:1:1

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10
Q

mendel seven visble features

A

seed shape, seed color, pod shape, flower color
pod color, flower postion, stem height

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11
Q

true-breeding

A

term used to describe organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves if allowed to self-pollinate

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12
Q

P1 generation

A

parental generation

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13
Q

F1 generation

A

offspring of the P generation

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14
Q

F2 generation

A

Offspring resulting from interbreeding of the hybrid F1 generation.

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15
Q

Mendel’s experiment

A

Gregor Mendel cross-pollinated plants that had different traits, and found that they were heritable

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16
Q

Mendel model organism Peas

A

easy to grow
true breedding strains
controlled matings (self ferlilzation)
observed characteristics with two different forms
grow maturity in one season

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17
Q

Simple Mendelian Inheritance

A

A single gene with two different alleles
Alleles display a simple dominant/recessive relationship

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18
Q

True (pure) breeding

A

an organism that always passes on a specific trait to its offspring, which means the trait is homozygous.

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19
Q

reciprocal crosses

A

a pair of crosses between a male of one strain and a female of another, and vice versa

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20
Q

Mendel three laws

A

Dominance/recessiveness
Segregation
Independent Assortment

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21
Q

Law of Dominance

A

When there are two different alleles, one is dominant and other recessive

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22
Q

Law of Segregation

A

two alleles for each gene are placed in different gametes

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23
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

the inheritance of one gene does not affect the inheritance of another gene.

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24
Q

complete dominance

A

a relationship in which one allele is completely dominant over another

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25
Q

autosomal

A

the sex of the parent giving a particular allele doesn’t matter

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26
Q

monohybrid cross

A

A cross between two individuals, concentrating on only one definable trait

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27
Q

dihybrid test cross

A

Crossing an unknown genotype dominant individual with a known recessive to find out its genotypic makeup. 1:1:1:1

28
Q

trihybrid cross

A

a cross involving three traits with 64 boxes

29
Q

product law

A

calculates probability of outcomes occurring together

30
Q

sum law

A

calculates probability of outcomes independent of each other

31
Q

Binomial Theorem

A

calculates probability of alternative ways to achieve combination of events

32
Q

Chi-square analysis

A

Evaluates influence of chance on genetic data

33
Q

chance deviation

A

chance events subject to random fluctuations

34
Q

null hypothesis

A

assume data will fit given ratio

35
Q

Chi-square

A

goodness of fit of null hypothesis, analysis used to test how well the data fit the null hypothesis

36
Q

Pedigrees

A

family trees that show the occurrence of inherited phenotypes in several generations of related individuals

37
Q

Inheritance of a Recessive Trait

A

Recessive traits may occur in individuals whose parents are not affected.
Rare recessive traits are most likely to appear in a pedigree when spouses are related to each other.

38
Q

Inheritance of a dominant trait

A

Every affected individual is expected to have at least one affected parent
individual who carries the dominant allele manifests the trait

39
Q

Mendel’s wrinkled peas

A

molecular explanation
SBEI: starch-branching enzyme
catalyzes formation of branched starch molecules as seed matures
wrinkled peas lack this enzyme
osmotic pressure rises= wrinkled peas

40
Q

Tay-Sachs disease

A

destroys nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord

41
Q

What lysosomal enzyme is deficient in • Tay-Sachs disease?

A

Hexosaminidase A

42
Q

Meiosis

A

a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores.

43
Q

Mitosis

A

cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes

44
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure (46)

45
Q

Metracentric

A

centromere in middle

46
Q

Submetracentric Chromosome

A

Unequal arms. L-Shape

47
Q

acrometric

A

off center

48
Q

telocentric

A

centromere at end

49
Q

Karyotype

A

A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape.

50
Q

Mitosis phases

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

51
Q

Meisosis Phases

A

Interphase (G1, S, G2), Meiosis 1, Meiosis 2, cytokinesis 2. Creates 4 haploid cells.

52
Q

meiosis 1

A

reduction division

53
Q

Meiosis II

A

the second phase of meiosis consisting of chromatids separating, along with the two diploid cells splitting in two

54
Q

Central Dogma

A

DNA-transcription-RNA-translation-protein

55
Q

nitrogenous base

A

An organic base that contains nitrogen, such as a purine or pyrimidine; a subunit of a nucleotide in DNA and RNA

56
Q

nucleosides

A

base + sugar

57
Q

nucleotides

A

Basic units of DNA molecule, composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of 4 DNA bases

58
Q

phosphodiester bond

A

a chemical bond of the kind joining successive sugar molecules in a polynucleotide.

59
Q

Chargaff’s Rule

A

A=T and C=G

60
Q

double helix

A

two strands of nucleotides wound about each other; structure of DNA

61
Q

3 classes of RNA

A

messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA

62
Q

telomerase RNA and RNA primers

A

invloved in dna replication

63
Q

antisense RNA, microRNA, siRNA

A

gene regulation

64
Q

snRNA

A

process m rna

65
Q

Promoters

A

regions of DNA that have specific base sequences

Bio 422 Exam 1 (1 decks)

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