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Bio 422 Exam 1 > Bio 422 > Flashcards

Bio 422 Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

Phenotype

A

outward appearance of an organism
ex: tall, P

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2
Q

Genotype

A

genetic makeup of an organism
ex: TT or Tt

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3
Q

Dominant

A

Describes a trait that covers over, or dominates, another form of that trait

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4
Q

Recessive

A

An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present

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5
Q

Heterozygous

A

having two different alleles for a trait

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6
Q

Homozygous

A

having two identical alleles for a trait

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7
Q

Gene

A

equivalents of mendel’s trait

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8
Q

Allele

A

form of a gene

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9
Q

important phenotypic ratios

A

3:1
1:1
9:3:3:1
1:1:1:1

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10
Q

mendel seven visble features

A

seed shape, seed color, pod shape, flower color
pod color, flower postion, stem height

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11
Q

true-breeding

A

term used to describe organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves if allowed to self-pollinate

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12
Q

P1 generation

A

parental generation

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13
Q

F1 generation

A

offspring of the P generation

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14
Q

F2 generation

A

Offspring resulting from interbreeding of the hybrid F1 generation.

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15
Q

Mendel’s experiment

A

Gregor Mendel cross-pollinated plants that had different traits, and found that they were heritable

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16
Q

Mendel model organism Peas

A

easy to grow
true breedding strains
controlled matings (self ferlilzation)
observed characteristics with two different forms
grow maturity in one season

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17
Q

Simple Mendelian Inheritance

A

A single gene with two different alleles
Alleles display a simple dominant/recessive relationship

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18
Q

True (pure) breeding

A

an organism that always passes on a specific trait to its offspring, which means the trait is homozygous.

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19
Q

reciprocal crosses

A

a pair of crosses between a male of one strain and a female of another, and vice versa

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20
Q

Mendel three laws

A

Dominance/recessiveness
Segregation
Independent Assortment

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21
Q

Law of Dominance

A

When there are two different alleles, one is dominant and other recessive

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22
Q

Law of Segregation

A

two alleles for each gene are placed in different gametes

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23
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

the inheritance of one gene does not affect the inheritance of another gene.

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24
Q

complete dominance

A

a relationship in which one allele is completely dominant over another

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25
autosomal
the sex of the parent giving a particular allele doesn't matter
26
monohybrid cross
A cross between two individuals, concentrating on only one definable trait
27
dihybrid test cross
Crossing an unknown genotype dominant individual with a known recessive to find out its genotypic makeup. 1:1:1:1
28
trihybrid cross
a cross involving three traits with 64 boxes
29
product law
calculates probability of outcomes occurring together
30
sum law
calculates probability of outcomes independent of each other
31
Binomial Theorem
calculates probability of alternative ways to achieve combination of events
32
Chi-square analysis
Evaluates influence of chance on genetic data
33
chance deviation
chance events subject to random fluctuations
34
null hypothesis
assume data will fit given ratio
35
Chi-square
goodness of fit of null hypothesis, analysis used to test how well the data fit the null hypothesis
36
Pedigrees
family trees that show the occurrence of inherited phenotypes in several generations of related individuals
37
Inheritance of a Recessive Trait
Recessive traits may occur in individuals whose parents are not affected. Rare recessive traits are most likely to appear in a pedigree when spouses are related to each other.
38
Inheritance of a dominant trait
Every affected individual is expected to have at least one affected parent individual who carries the dominant allele manifests the trait
39
Mendel's wrinkled peas
molecular explanation SBEI: starch-branching enzyme catalyzes formation of branched starch molecules as seed matures wrinkled peas lack this enzyme osmotic pressure rises= wrinkled peas
40
Tay-Sachs disease
destroys nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord
41
What lysosomal enzyme is deficient in • Tay-Sachs disease?
Hexosaminidase A
42
Meiosis
a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores.
43
Mitosis
cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes
44
homologous chromosomes
Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure (46)
45
Metracentric
centromere in middle
46
Submetracentric Chromosome
Unequal arms. L-Shape
47
acrometric
off center
48
telocentric
centromere at end
49
Karyotype
A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape.
50
Mitosis phases
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
51
Meisosis Phases
Interphase (G1, S, G2), Meiosis 1, Meiosis 2, cytokinesis 2. Creates 4 haploid cells.
52
meiosis 1
reduction division
53
Meiosis II
the second phase of meiosis consisting of chromatids separating, along with the two diploid cells splitting in two
54
Central Dogma
DNA-transcription-RNA-translation-protein
55
nitrogenous base
An organic base that contains nitrogen, such as a purine or pyrimidine; a subunit of a nucleotide in DNA and RNA
56
nucleosides
base + sugar
57
nucleotides
Basic units of DNA molecule, composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of 4 DNA bases
58
phosphodiester bond
a chemical bond of the kind joining successive sugar molecules in a polynucleotide.
59
Chargaff's Rule
A=T and C=G
60
double helix
two strands of nucleotides wound about each other; structure of DNA
61
3 classes of RNA
messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA
62
telomerase RNA and RNA primers
invloved in dna replication
63
antisense RNA, microRNA, siRNA
gene regulation
64
snRNA
process m rna
65
Promoters
regions of DNA that have specific base sequences

Bio 422 Exam 1 (1 decks)

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