Bio 5-7 Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
Dehydration synthesis
A
formation of biological macro-molecules
2
Q
hydrolysis
A
digestion of biological macromolecules
3
Q
4 Polymers
A
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
4
Q
Carbohydrates
A
fuel, building material, made from simple sugars (glucose) into polymers (starch)
5
Q
starch
A
storage poly. of plants, consists entirely of glucose monomers
6
Q
glycogen
A
storage poly. in animals
7
Q
cellulose
A
major component of tough wall of plant cells
8
Q
chitin
A
structural poly. found in exoskeleton of arthropods
9
Q
fats
A
store energy
10
Q
steroids
A
cholesterol, hormones
11
Q
phospholipids
A
lipid bilayer of cell membrane
12
Q
enzymatic proteins
A
selective acceleration of chemical reactions
13
Q
defensive proteins
A
protection against disease
14
Q
storage proteins
A
storage of amino acids
15
Q
transport proteins
A
transport of substances
16
Q
hormonal proteins
A
coordination of an organism’s activities
17
Q
contractile & motor proteins
A
movement
18
Q
receptor proteins
A
response of cell to chemical stimuli
19
Q
structual proteins
A
support
20
Q
polypeptides
A
unbranched polymers built from amino acids
21
Q
protein
A
biologically functional molecule that consists of 1/+ polypeptides
22
Q
amino acids
A
organic molecules with amino & carboxyl groups
23
Q
primary structure of protein
A
unique sequence of amino acids
24
Q
secondary structure found in most proteins
A
consists of coils and folds within polypeptide chain
25
tertiary structure of proteins
determined by interactions among various side chains (R groups)
26
Quaternary structure proteins
results when protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains
27
collagen
fibrous protein consisting of 3 polypeptides coiled like a rope
28
sickle-cell disease
inherited blood disorder, results from single amino acid substitution in protein hemoglobin
29
denaturation
loss of protein's native structure
30
chaperonins
protein molecules that assist proper folding of other proteins
31
DNA
double-helix, Thymine, sugar:deoxyribose
32
RNA
single, Uracil, carry info from DNA to ribosomes, sugar:ribose
33
polynucleotides
nucleic acids
34
genomics
concerned with structure, function, evolution, mapping of genomes
35
proteomics
large scale study of proteins & function within cell
36
light scope
visible light passes through specimen, refracts light so specimen is magnified, magnify 1000x, specimen can be alive/moving, color
37
electron scope
focuses beam of electrons onto specimen, magnify 1,000,000x, specimen non-living and in vacuum, black & white
38
Electron microscopy Transmission (TEM)
2-d, creates flat image with extreme detail, enhance contrast by staining atoms with heavy metal dyes
39
Electron microscopy Scanning (SEM)
3-d, used for detailed study of surface speciman, gives great field of depth
40
cell fractionation
take apart cells, separate major organelles
41
prokaryotes
domain bacteria & archaes
42
Eukaryotes
protists, fungi, plants, animals
43
Small intestine
highly folded surface to increase absorption of nutrients
44
villi
finger-like projections on SI wall
45
microvilli
projections on each cell
46
chromatin
complex of DNA + proteins; makes up chromosomes
47
nucleolus
region where rRNA synthesized + ribosomal subunits are formed
48
nuclear pores
control what enters/leaves nucleus
49
ribosomes
protect synthesis
50
free ribosomes
float in cytosol, produce proteins used withing cell
51
bound ribosomes
attached to ER, make proteins for export from cell
52
endomembrane system
regulates protein traffic & performs metabolic functions
53
Rough ER
ribosomes on surface; package proteins for secretion, send transport vesicles to Golgi, make replacement membrane
54
smooth ER
no ribosomes on surface; synthesize lipids, metabolize carbs, detox drugs & poisons, store Ca^2+
55
Golgi Apparatus
synthesis & packaging of materials for transport; produce lysosomes
56
cis face
receives vesicles
57
trans face
ships vesicles
58
lysosomes
intracellular digestion; recycle cell's materials; programmed cell death(apoptosis)
59
vacuoles
storage of materials;membrane-bound vesicles
60
mitochondria
site of cellulat respiration; double membrane outer and inner
61
cristae
folds of inner membrane; contains enzymes for ATP production; increased surface area to increase ATP made
62
matrix
fluid-filled inner compartment
63
chloroplasts
site of photosynthesis; double membrane
64
endosymbiont theory
mitochondria & chloroplasts share similar origin; prokaryotic cells engulfed by ancestors of eukaryotic cells
65
peroxisomes
break down fatty acids; detox alcohol
66
cytoskeleton
network of protein fibers; support, motility, regulate biochemical activites
67
microtubules
protein=tubulin, largest fibers, shape/support cell, track for organelle movement, forms spindle for mitosis/meiosis, component of cilia/flagella
68
microfilaments
protein=actin, smallest fibers, support cell on smaller scale, cell movement, ameboid movement, sytoplasmic streaming, muscle cell contracion
69
intermediate filaments
intermediate size, permanent fixtures, maintain shape of cell, fix position of organelles
70
centrosomes
region microtubules grow
71
flagella
long & few, propel thru water
72
cilia
short & numerous, locomotion/move fluids
73
Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
outside plasma membrane, composed of glycoproteins, strengthens tissues & transmits external signals to cell
74
tight junctions
2 ells fused to form watertight seal
75
desmosomes
"rivets" that fasten cells into strong sheets
76
gap junctions
channeles thru which ions, sugar, small molecules can pass
77
plasmodesmata
channels between cells to allow passage of molecules
78
plasma membrane=selectively permeable
allows some substances to cross more easily than others
79
fluid mosaic
membrane held together by weak interactions
80
amphipathic
hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail
81
phospholipid movement
move laterally, rarely flip
82
peripheral proteins
bound to surface of membrane inside/out
83
integral proteins
penetrate hydrophobic core
84
osmosis
diffusion of water
85
osmoregulation
control of solute concerntrations & water balance
86
active transport
requires engery (ATP)
87
electrogenic pumps
generate voltage across membrane
88
Na/k pump
na out, k in; never transmission
89
proton pump
push protons across membrane
90
cotransport
membrane protein enables "downhill" diffusion of one solute to drive "uphill" transport of other
91
bulk transport
across plasma membrane occurs by endocytosis & exocytosis
92
phagocytosis
cellular eating
93
pinocytosis
cellular drinking
94
receptor-mediated endocytosis
binding of ligands to receptiors triggers vesicle formation
95
ligand
any molecule that binds specifically to receptor site of another molecule
96
Passive transport
little/no energy, high-low concentration, down concentration gradient
97
active transport
requires energy, low-high concentrations, againsts concentration gradient
