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Biology Final 1 semestre > Bio > Flashcards

Bio Flashcards

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1
Q

Steps of Scientific Method

A 
Question
Background Research
Hypothesis
Experiment (variables)
Analyze data & draw results
Communicate results
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2
Q

Independent Variable

A

Something changed by the scientist

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3
Q

Dependent Variable

A

What is observed

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4
Q

Controlled Variable

A

Something the scientist keeps the same

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5
Q

Characteristics of living things

A 
Grow & develop
Homeostatic
Use energy
Adapt
Organized
Reproduce
Respond to stimuli
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6
Q

Organization in living things

A 
Atoms
Molecules
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Systems
Individual
Population 
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
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7
Q

Types of cell

A

Eukaryote (nucleus)

Prokaryote (no nucleus)

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8
Q

Cell Wall

A

Support and protection
Both
Plant

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9
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Regulates molecule passage
Both
Both

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10
Q

Nucleus

A

Stores genetic information
Eukaryote
Both

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11
Q

Ribosomes

A

Protein synthesis
Both
Both

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12
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)

A

Modification, and transport of proteins
Eukaryote
Both

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13
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)

A

Lipid synthesis
Eukaryote
Both

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14
Q

Lysosome

A

Cellular digestion
Eukaryote
Animal

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15
Q

Vacuole

A

Storage of substances
Eukaryote
Both

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16
Q

Mitochondria

A

Cellular respiration
Eukaryote
Both

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17
Q

Chloroplast

A

Photosynthesis
Eukaryote
Plant

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18
Q

Centriole

A

Formation of Basal Bodies
Eukaryote
Animal

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19
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of cells down the concentration gradient until equilibrium is achieved (high to low)

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20
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water (down the concentration gradient. High to low) across the differentially permeable membrane. Uses solutions.

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21
Q

Isotonic solution

A

Same amount of solute, and solvent.

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22
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

Less solute than solvent

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23
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

More solute than solvent

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24
Q

Types of cellular transport by carrier proteins

A

Active transport & facilitated transport.

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25
Facilitated Transport
Proteins move molecules across the membrane following the concentration gradient (high to low)
26
Active Transport
Proteins help the molecules to move against the concentration gradient (low to high)
27
Exocytosis
A vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane
28
Endocytosis
Cells take in substances by vesicle formations
29
Phagocytosis
When a material is large
30
Pinocytosis
When the object is covered by liquid
31
ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate (energy)
32
Composition of ATP
1 adenosine 1 glucose 3 phosphate
33
Formula of photosynthesis
water (H20) + carbon dioxide (CO2) -> sugar (C6H12O6) + oxygen (O2)
34
Phases of photosynthesis
Light dependent and light independent (dark)
35
Light dependent
Occurs in the thylakoid H2O is broken apart Solar energy is converted into ATP Coenzyme NADP picks up an electron and a molecule of H
36
Light independent (dark)
``` Occurs in the stroma Sugar is made ATP is used in order to make sugar NADPH gives the electron and H to make sugar CALVIN CYCLE ```
37
Calvin Cycle
Occurs during the dark reaction Where CO2 turns into sugar Has to happen 6 times
38
Cellular respiration
Takes oxygen and produces carbon dioxide and water. Also produces ATP 34-38
39
Aerobic
Needs oxygen
40
Anaerobic
Doesn´t needs oxygen
41
Formula Cellular Respiration
Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon dioxide + Water + ATP 34-38
42
Steps of Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis (anaerobic) Prep Reaction (aerobic) Citric and Acid Cycle or Krebs (aerobic) Electron Transport Chain (aerobic)
43
Glycolysis
Glucose breaks down into 2 MOLECULES OF ATP
44
Prep Reaction
Pyruvate is converted into a C2 acetyl group
45
Citric and Acid Cycle (Krebs)
Oxidation of an acetyl group. Produces 2 ATP and 4 CO2
46
Electron Transport Chain
All electrons pass down the transport chain producing 34 molecules of ATP
47
Bases of DNA
Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine(C) Guanine (G)
48
Bases of RNA
Adenine (A) Uracile (U) Cytosine(C) Guanine (G)
49
Human Genome Project
scientific research project with the goal of determining the sequence of DNA
50
Production of a protein steps
Transcription & Translation
51
Transcription
Complementary RNA is made out of DNA
52
Translation
DNA is transcribed into mRNA to form a sequence
53
Types of RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA)- takes a message from DNA to the ribosomes Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)- along with proteins makes up the ribosomes. Transfer RNA (tRNA)- transfers aminoacids to the ribosomes
54
Codon
Triplet of genetic code
55
Anticodon
Triplet of genetic code that complements a codon in mRNA
56
Gene
A sequence of DNA
57
Mitosis
Happens in somatic cells It´s the nuclear division that produces two daughter nuclei (diploid). Starts with 46 chromosomes, then has 92, and ends with 46
58
Phases of Mitosis
``` Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase ```
59
Parts of Meosis
``` Interphase Prophase 1 Metaphase 1 Anaphase 1 Telophase 1 ``` Prophase 2 Metaphase 2 Anaphase 2 Telophase 2
60
Interphase
Cells grow larger, the number of organelles doubles and the amount of DNA doubles. G1, S, G2
61
G1
Growth of the cell
62
S
Replication of DNA
63
G2
Final preparation of division
64
Prophase
Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, and the nucleus disappears
65
Metaphase
Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate
66
Anaphase
Chromosomes separate to the poles. Each one recieves the same amount of chromosomes
67
Telophase
Daughter cells are formed, chromosomes turn into chromatin again, and the nucleus reappears.
68
Cytokinesis
Division of the cytoplasm
69
Meosis
Requires 2 cell divisions, forms 4 haploids with 23 pairs of chromosomes. Happens in sexual cells
70
Amount of chromosomes in a human cell
23 pairs or 46 cells
71
Laws of Mendel
Segregation Law | Independent Assortment Law
72
Segregation Law
Pairs of genes on homologous chromosomes separate from each other during meiosis into separate gametes Each gamete contains only one factor for each pair of factors Fertilization gives each new individual two factors for each trait.
73
Law of Independent Assortment
All possible combinations of factors can occur in the gametes
74
Phenotype
How a person looks like (physical characteristics)
75
Genotype
The alleles that the chromosomes carry.
76
Alleles
Alternate forms of a gene Dominant allele: A (capital letter) Recessive allele: a (lowercase)
77
Homozygous
The same allele: AA or aa
78
Heterozygous
Different allele: Aa
79
Punnett square
Where all posible combinations of gametes are charted.
80
What to look of on the Punnett Square
``` Dominant Homozygous Recessive Homozygous Heterozygous Phenotypic ratio> Dominant : Recessive Genotype ratio> number of dom. homozygous : number of heterozygous : number of recessive homozygous ```
81
Codominance
Situation in which 2 different alleles are expresssed. Ex AB blood type
82
Incomplete dominance
Situation in which neither allele is fully dominant so there´s a combined phenotype
83
Polygenic traits
Are traits controlled by 2 different genes at different position. Ex. Skin color
84
Steps in origin of the first cell
Inorganic molecules turned into organic (chemical evolution) Organic molecules join to form macromolecules (chem. evolution) Plasma membrane forms (bio. evolution) Protocells formed (bio. evolution)
85
Oparin and Haldane Theory
They suggested that we come form the atmosphere of the primitive earth which is made of water, ammonia (NH3), methane (CH4), hydrosulfuric acid (H2S), and NO OXYGEN. This and lightning made the first organic molecules
86
Miller and Urey Experiment
Was made in order to prove Oparin´s theory
87
Evidence of evolution
``` Fossils Geological timescale Biogeographical evidence Anatomical evidence Biochemical ```
88
Fossil evidence
Preserved hard body parts Marks on rocks Transitional fossils
89
Geological timescale
Relative dating method: Determines the relative order of fossils Absolute method: Assign a date to fossils
90
Biogeographical evidence
Continental drift: shift of the continents´positions
91
Anatomical evidence
Homologous structures: indicate a common ancestor | Analogous structures: same basic function with different origin
92
Darwin´s Natural Selection
The strongest species survive the change of environment
93
Population
All members of an species in a particular area
94
Community
Different species in the same area
95
Ecosystem
where organisms interact with each other, and with abiotic factors

Biology Final 1 semestre (1 decks)

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