Bio Flashcards
(187 cards)
1
Q
Reticular Activating System?
A
Sleep-wake transitions, behavioral motivations.
2
Q
Fixed Action Patterns Include?
A
Innate responses, and releasers
3
Q
Daily cycles of behavior?
A
Cricardian Rhythms
4
Q
Habituation
A
Suppression of normal startle responses to stimuli.
5
Q
Classical Conditioning also called?
A
Pavlovian, Conditioned Reflex
6
Q
Reward or reinforcement what type?
A
Operant or instrumental conditioning
7
Q
BF Skinner experiments included?
A
+,- reinforcement, punishment, habit family hierarchy.
8
Q
Imprinting?
A
Behavior presented in critical period of development.
9
Q
Songs, calls, intentional behavior changes are?
A
Displays (Repro, agonistic, antagonistic)
10
Q
Dominant over subordinate when disputations arise?
A
pecking order
11
Q
Reversible behavior change in recipient?
A
Releaser Pheromones (sex-attract, toxic defense, alarm)
12
Q
long term behavioral or physical change in recipient?
A
Primer Pheromones
13
Q
Population?
A
Organisms same species living together
14
Q
Community
A
Different populations (plant, animal) interacting in given environment.
15
Q
Ecosystem
A
Includes communities and environment (abiotic, biotic)
16
Q
Biosphere
A
portions of planet that support life (atmosphere, litho-, hydro-)
17
Q
Factors of Substratum (in soil)
A
PH, Loams (mixed soil), Minerals, Humus (amount of decay), texture
18
Q
Niche
A
Functional role of organism, no two species can ever have same niche
19
Q
Symbiosis Types?
A
obligatory, commensalism, Mutualism, Parasitism
20
Q
One or both organisms cannot survive without the other.
A
Obligatory Symbiosis
21
Q
Benefit and Not affected? (Remora & Shark)
A
Commensalism (barnacle, whale)
22
Q
Both organisms derive benefit (Rino Bird)
A
Mutualism
23
Q
One organism benefits at expense of other
A
Parasitism
24
Q
Carnivores and Herbivores (feed on other living)
A
Predators
25
Decompose (Fungi, Protists)
Saprophytes
26
Relations between species (Competitive, cohesive forces)
Interspecific interactions
27
What secretes uric acid crystals to conserve water
Insects (Type of osmoregulation)
28
Cold blooded animals are called
Poikilothermic
29
What types of animals are homeothermic
mammals birds (warm blooded)
30
Aspects of food pyramid
review energy, number,mass
31
Nitrogen cycle pg 259 Kap
Review pic
32
Climax Community
Final most stable stage of ecological succession
33
Dominent species in grassland is?
Grass
34
Small plants animals, plants conserve water, few birds and mammals
Desert Biome
35
Low rainfall, no shelter, mammals hoofed long legs,
Grasslands
36
High temp and rain, dense growth, epiphytes, saprophytes
Tropical Rain Forest
37
Cold winter, warm summer, moderate rainfall, oak, maple willow
Temperate Deciduous Forest
38
Cold, dry, fir, pine, spruce,
Temperate Coniferous forest
39
Long cold winter, spruce, Moss lichens, Moose
Taiga
40
Treeless frozen, Lichens, moss, polar bear, Musk oxen,
Tundra
41
No vegetation few animals near polar oceans
polar
42
What percent of earths photosynthetic activity takes place in water
90%
43
Most stable ecosystem?
Aquatic (Most connections in food web)
44
Region exposed to low tides, variation in temp.
Intertidal Zone
45
Region on continental shelf extends hundreds of miles beyond shore
Littoral Zone
46
Two zones of Pelagic Zone
Photic, aphotic
47
Locus?
location on chromosome where gene is located
48
Allele
one of several varieties of gene
49
Ratio for Pp * PP
F1- F2-1/2 PP 1/2 Pp
50
YYRR * yyrr ... F1 F2?
F1- 1 YyRr F2 9:3:3:1
51
Snapdragons whit + red = pink is...
Incomplete dominance
52
Both fully expressed
co dominance
53
Blood possible Geno and Pheno
(Multiple Alleles) 6-Geno 4-Pheno ( A B AB O)
54
One Gene effects the phenotype of another gene?
Epistasis (Pigmentation of mice)
55
Single gene with more than one pheno
Pleiotropy
56
Single pheno from multiple genes?
Polygenic Inheritance (Human height, skin color)
57
All chromosomes undergo nondisjunction?
Polyploidy (common in plants)
58
Types of point mutations?
substitution, deletion, insertion
59
What is a genome with extra or missing chromosomes called?
Aneuploidy
60
Types of chromosomal aberrations?
Duplication, inversion, translocation
61
Lytic & Lysogenic life cycles, have DNA or RNA
Virus
62
Lack Nucleus, asexual, no membrane bound organelles.
Monera aka: prokaryotes like bacteria
63
Primitive eukaryotes plant and animal like, membrane bound nucleus and organelles
Protista
64
Non photosynthetic cell wall chitin not cellulose. (Saprophytic, Parasitic)
Fungi
65
call wall, photosynthetic, withstand extreme temperatures. No flagella or true nucleus
Cyanobacteria (blue green algae)
66
Cell wall single loop DNA not enclosed
Bacteria
67
amoebas, ciliophors single celled heterotrophs
Protazoa
68
Photosynthetic, photoplankton, or Euglena move about for food.
Algae
69
Many Nuclei in mass of protoplasm, asexual by sporulation
Slime Mold
70
Asexual sporulation, heterotrophs, decomposing organic material
Fungi
71
simple, few specialized tissues, live in moist, gametophyte is dominant,
Bryophyta (Moss, Liverworts)
72
Sporophyte dominant 4 subdivisions, deep roots
Tracheophyta (psilophyta, Lycophyta, Sphenophyta,pteropyta)
73
Primitive, Rhizoids instead of roots, one vasculat bundle (eg: Psilotum)
Psilophyta
74
Non-woody roots, microphyll leaves
Lycophyta (Club Mosses)
75
Hollow Joint stems
Sphenophyta (Horse tail)
76
Gametophyte has heart shaped leaves, sporophyte is dominant, sporangium on underside of leaves, underground stem
pterophytes (ferns)
77
Naked Seeded Plant, grow in diameter and length.
Gymnosperms
78
Flowering plants, ovary ripens in to fruit
Angiosperms
79
Sporophyte dominant, microscopic gametophyte carried in wind,
Conifers (spruce, pine, fur)
80
Female cone sporangia produce
megaspores
81
Male cone sporangia produce.
microspores
82
Angiosperm Megaspores are made by
ovary of female pistil
83
Angiosperm Microspores aer made by
anther of male stamen
84
Dicotyledons Characteristics & Examples
Two Cotyledons, Maple, Apple tree, potato, carrot, goldenrod, buttercup flowers multiple 4 or 5
85
Monocotyledons Characteristics, Examples
Single cotelydon, nonwoody, flower multiples of 3, (grass, wheat, corn, rye, rice, banannas, palms,
86
Sponges, pores, 2 layers of cells
Porifera
87
Ecto & Endoderm, tentacles & Stingers
Cnidarians (jellyfish, anemone, coral)
88
no circulatory system, bilaterally symmetrical 3 layers of cells (flatworms)
Platyhelminthes
89
No Circulatory system, long tube with anus, hookworm
Nematoda (roundworm)
90
Coelom (body cavity) well defined systems (earth worms, leeches)
Anelida (segmented worm)
91
Secrete exoskeleton, gills, chambered heart (clam snail squid)
Mollusca
92
Jointed appendages, chitin, open circ syteam 3 classes
Arthropoda (insect, arachnids, crustaceans)
93
Spiny radially symmetrical water vascular system, starfish, sea urchin
Echinoderms
94
Notochord, paired gills, tail beyond anus
Chordates
95
Eel-like, notochord though life, no jaw, sucking, hagfish, lamprey
Jawless fish
96
Jaws, teeth, segments between cartilaginous vertebra shark
cartilaginous fish
97
scales, lack notochord, bony skeleton trout tuna
bony fish
98
leathery eggs, horny bills, no nipples, platypus, anteater
Monetremes
99
Homologus Structures
Have same basic anatomical features, and evolutionary origins. (wings bat and flippers whale)
100
Vestigial Structures
appear to be useless but had some ancient function
101
Changes arise from need (use or disuse theory)
Lamarckian
102
P^2 2Pp p^2 = 1 know hwo to use
P^2 = TT 2Pp= Tt p^2 = tt
103
change in composition of gene pool due to chance
genetic drift
104
Migration of individuals between populations > changes
Gene flow
105
small local polpulation
deme
106
emergence of a number of lineages from single ancestral species
adaptive radiation
107
Different species evolve in similar ways when exposed to similar enviroment
convergent evolution
108
Isolated and species change and grow appart
divergent evolution
109
two species evolve and don't converge or diverge
parallel evolution
110
DNA grows and duplicates in the ..
S phase
111
Cleavage Furrow and cell plate in ..
animal and plant respectivly
112
DNA grows and duplicates in the ..
S phase
113
Cleavage Furrow and cell plate in ..
animal and plant respectivly
114
What are the pruducts of Glycolosis
2 Nadh, 2 pyruvate, 2(Net) ATP
115
What happens between Glycolosis and Krebs
Pyruvate + CoA > Acetal CoA + Nadh + CO2
116
What does Krebs Produce
1 Pyruvate = ( 2 Nadh, 1 Fadh, 1 Atp) x 2
117
Oxidatice Phosphorilation occurs in?
Cristea (Inner Membrane) of Mito
118
What happens in the Matrix of the Mitochondira
Krebs, and Fixing
119
What is Chemiosis?
ATP gen mechanism with H+ Gradiant
120
Beta oxidation turns fatty acid into?
Acetal CoA
121
Calvin cycle makes
CO2 and ATP into Glucose (Dark Rxn)
122
Rubisco does what?
Makes CO2 combine with RuBP
123
Photophosphorylation makes?
H2O + Light > O2 ATP (light rxn, cyclic and noncyclic)
124
Stroma? What occurs here?
Fluid in chloroplast, CAlvin occurs here
125
Thykaloids? What Occurs here?
Pancake Membrane, Granum is stack of thykaloids, PS 1 PS2
126
what is C4 Photosynth?
Bundle Sheath, overcomes Rubisco's ability to fix O2, can reduce time that stoma are open
127
CAM
Allows Photosynth to work during day while stoma are closed (Malic acid)
128
What connects Osaki Fragments?
DNA Ligase
129
What does topoisomerase Do?
Helps to unwind and relieve tension on DNA
130
Introns Vs Exons?
Exons are translated, Introns are not
131
SnRNPS do What?
delete introns and allow exons to be spliced.
132
what unique structures are at the ens of MRNA?
5' Cap and 3' Poly A Tail
133
Frame shifts occur due to what type of point mutation?
Deletion and Insertion
134
Silent Mutation?
New Codon still codes for same AA
135
Missense Mutation?
New Codon codes for new AA
136
Nonsense Mutation?
New Codon codes for Stop Codon
137
Euchromatin vs HeteroChromatin?
Eu- is unwound Het- is still tight around histone (Methylation tightens acetalation loosens)
138
Bacteria cells reproduce via?
Binary Fussion
139
Analegous Structures are?
Similar in structure/ function, Disimilar in origin.
140
Bacteria exchange DNA through
Conjugation
141
Directional Selection
Favors traits at one end of an extremem range
142
Bottleneck?
occurs population undergoes dramatic decrease in size
143
Allopatric Seciation
when Pops are divided by geographic barier
144
Sympatric speciation
new species with out geographic barrier
145
Coevolution
tit for tat evo in response to ne adaptations
146
Hyphae
Fungi grown filaments (bundle is mycelium)
147
Mammals convert NH3 into _ in the liver
Urea
148
resting neuron has Na & K where?
Na Outside K Inside
149
Draw sarcomere
M-line (actin) In A band then I (myosin) to Z- Band
150
Substance secreted by virus invaded cell?
Interferons
151
B cells work in what response?
Humoral (antibody response)
152
Cell mediated response is uses?
T-Cells
153
Hormones can be?
peptides, modified AA, steroids
154
Implanted embryo secretes?
HCG which maintains corpus lutetium
155
Luteal phase begins?
Corpus Luteum begins secreting E & P
156
Taxis is? Kineses?
Directed movement toward stimulus, Kineses is undirected movement
157
Associative learning is?
Classical conditioning. performs behavior with substitute stim
158
Operant Learning?
Connects behavior with enviromental response, + or -
159
Animal without special defense mech mimics color of animal that does.
Bastian mimicry
160
How much energy is typically transfered from one level of the food pyramid to the next?
10%
161
Plants that live commensally on other plants?
Epiphytes
162
1 Glucose = how many ATP?
36
163
Region of Kidney w/ Highest osmolarity?
Inner Medulla
164
Someone with alkaline blood would secrete alot of _
CO2
165
What happens first neurulation or gastrulation.
Gast then Nur
166
calvin cycle produces
6Co2 + 6 RuPB > 12 PGA.... 1 Gluc (Product of 6 turns)
167
Archenteron
beginning of primitive gut
168
Anaphase begins as
Chromosomes reach opposite poles
169
what produces spores in plants?
Sporangia
170
Syngammy
also called fertilization
171
Pairing of Homo Chromosomes in meiosis?
Synapsis
172
when does crossing over occur?
prophase 1
173
Cheif cells produce
pepsinogen then HCL makes it into pepsin
174
what does CCK do?
releases bile from gall bladder and enzymes from pancreas
175
Insects respire primarily through?
Trachea
176
TLC =
Residual volume (RC) + Vital capacity (VC)
177
NADH and FADH2 are produced in what ratio?
3:1
178
Pyruvate to Acytalcoa happen in
Matrix
179
Krebs produces?
6NADH 2FADH2 2ATP 4 CO2
180
Glucose to how many atp?
Glycolosis =2 ETC=34
181
What has no circulatory system?
Cnidarians
182
what do T P represent in ECG?
P is atrial depol T is repol
183
steps of clot formation?
platelets + collagen>prothrombonin to thrombonin>fibrinogin activate fibrin>clot
184
Chitin is found in?
insects, fungi, enchinoderms
185
Nucleotide is made up of?
Nitro Base, Deoxy sugar, Phosphate
186
steroids have how many carbon rings?
4
187
Medulla Oblongata influences?
vasomotor, cardiac, respiratory, cough, sneeze, gag, vomit
