Bio

Question 1

Cancer

Answer 1

Result of changes in cells that lead to uncontrolled growth and division

Question 2

Evolution

Answer 2

Change in inherited characteristics of a population over time through a process of natural selection which may result in the formation of new species

Question 3

Function of plasma

Answer 3

Involved in transport of blood components and other dissolved substances and distribution of heat

Question 4

Hormones involved in menstrual cycle

Answer 4

FSH
LH
Oestrogen
Progesterone

Question 5

FSH

Answer 5

Produced by pituitary gland

Causes maturation of an egg in the ovary and stimulates ovary to release oestrogen

Question 6

LH

Answer 6

Produced by pituitary gland

Stimulates release of an egg

Question 7

Oestrogen

Answer 7

Repairs and thickens uterine lining
Inhibit LH and FSH
Found in pill w/ progesterone - inhibits progesterone

Question 8

Progesterone

Answer 8

Secreted by empty follicle
Maintains uterus lining so fertilised egg may implant
Inhibits LH and FSH
Found in injections, implants, skin patches - inhibits maturation and release of eggs

Question 9

Non-hormonal forms of contraception

Answer 9

Barrier methods 
IUD
Spermicidal agents 
Abstinence 
Surgery (sterilisation)

Question 10

Blood group A

Answer 10

I^A I^A or I^A I^O
Blood plasma contains b antibodies
Can donate to A and AB
Can receive from A and O

Question 11

Blood group B

Answer 11

I^B I^B or I^B I^O
Blood plasma contains a antibodies
Can donate to B and AB
Can receive from B and O

Question 12

Blood group AB

Answer 12

I^A I^B
Contains no antibodies in blood plasma
Can donate to AB
Universal recipient

Question 13

Blood group O

Answer 13

I^O I^O
Contains a and b antibodies in blood plasma
Universal donor
Can receive blood from O

Question 14

Types of digestion

Answer 14

Mechanical - teeth grinding

Chemical - using bile and enzymes

Question 15

How is stomach acid neutralised

Answer 15

Bile and pancreatic juice contain HCO3-

Question 16

pH in mouth

Answer 16

7

Question 17

pH in pancreas (pancreatic juice)

Answer 17

8 - optimum for protease, amylase, lipase

Question 18

pH in small intestine (intestinal juice)

Answer 18

8 - optimum for protease, carbohydrase (HCl in stomach inactivates salivary amylase), lipase

Question 19

HIV

Answer 19

Retrovirus - contains RNA as uses reverse transcriptase (viral RNA —> DNA)

Question 20

Trials for new medicines

Answer 20

Preclinical tests - animals

Clinical tests - humans

Question 21

Sequence of testing new meds

Answer 21

Tested on animals –> tested on a few healthy people (phase 1) —> Tested on a few patients (phase 2) –> tested on many patients double-blind w/ placebo (phase 3)

Question 22

Reasons for phase 1

Answer 22

Make sure its safe (low number decrease risk)

To look for obvious side effects

Question 23

Reasons for phase 2

Answer 23

Make sure it works
Low numbers decrease risk
Look for side effects

Question 24

Reasons for phase 3

Answer 24

Look for less common side effects
Double-bind removes bias
Placebo acts as comparison

Question 25

CVD includes

Answer 25

Coronary heart disease - coronary arteries blocked by clot or atheroma so cells die (reduced heart function) Hypertension - consistently raised bp (above 140/90) Stroke - brain cells die due to lack of oxygen and glucose rich blood

Question 26

Reasons for hypertension (also reasons for lack of blood to brain)

Answer 26

Narroing of artery lumen due to atheroma | Hardening of an artery so that it cannot expand when blood flow increases

Question 27

Risk factors for CVD that can be modified

Answer 27

``` Diet Lack of exercise Obesity Smoking Excess alcohol intake ```

Question 28

Risk factors for CVD that cannot be modified

Answer 28

Increasing age Gender Heredity/ family history of CVD

Question 29

Treatment/ management of CVD

Answer 29

Life-long medication - statins anti-coagulants, anti-hypertensive drugs Surgery - stents or bypass Lifestyle changes - balanced diet, reduced smoking, more exercise

Question 30

Statins

Answer 30

Reduce production of cholesterol (component of atheroma)

Question 31

Anti-coagulants

Answer 31

Reduce likelihood of blood clotting --> blocking an artery

Question 32

Anti-hypertensive drugs

Answer 32

Causes blood vessels to relax so lumen diameter enlarges --> reducing blood pressure

Question 33

Risk factors for prostate cancer

Answer 33

Being overweight Eating red meat or high fat dairy Increasing age Family history

Question 34

Risk factors for breast cancer

Answer 34

Being overweight Increasing age Family history BRCA 1 or 2 gene mutation

Question 35

Risk factors for colorectal cancer

Answer 35

Being overweight Diet low in fibre Increasing age Family history

Question 36

Stages of developing cirrhosis

Answer 36

Healthy liver Fatty liver (deposits of fat lead to liver enlargement) Liver fibrosis (scar tissue forms) Cirrhosis (growth of connective tissue destroys liver cells)