bio

Question 1

meiosis

Answer 1

cell division where the daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell eg gametes and plant sores

Question 2

interphase

Answer 2

the resting phase between mitotic divisions orrrrr the resting phase between the first and second meiosis stages

Question 3

prophase

Answer 3

the first stage of cell division, the chromosome becomes visible as paired chromatids and the nuclear envelope disappears

Question 4

chromatid

Answer 4

one half of a replicated chromosome – before cell division the chromosome is copied and identical chromosomes join together, each strand (of one of these chromsomes) is called the chromatid

Question 5

metaphase

Answer 5

the second stage of cell division (after prophase, before anaphase) chromosome becomes attached to the spindle fibres

Question 6

anaphase

Answer 6

the duplicated chromosomes are split and they (the newly copied chromosome/ daughter chromatids) go to opposite sides of the cell

Question 7

nuclear envelope or nuclear membrane

Answer 7

the double layered membrane enclosing the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell. It has pores to allow the movement of materials in and out of nucleus

Question 8

exocytosis

Answer 8

process used to transport materials from inside the cell to the outside by using energy

Question 9

endocytosis

Answer 9

type of active transport that moves large particles/ molecules/ cells into a cell - this happens by the plasma membrane forming a pocket around the target particle and enclosing

Question 10

proteolytic cleavage

Answer 10

process of breaking peptide bonds between amino acids in proteins. peptidases/ proteases etc enzymes do this

Question 11

translation

Answer 11

process that translates the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, into a sequence of amino acids (peptide), this occurs during protein synthesis

Question 12

transcription

Answer 12

making an RNA copy of a gene sequence , this copy = mRNA, leaves nuc and enters cytoplasm where it directs the synthesis of the protein, which it encodes

Question 13

RNA / ribonucleic acid

Answer 13

polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes
(ribose = sugar)

Question 14

DNA / deoxyribonucleic acid

Answer 14

molecule which contains genetic code of organisms. DNA is in each cell in an organism and tells it what proteins to make (deoxyribose = sugar with one less oxygen atom)

Question 15

osmotic pressure

Answer 15

the pressure that would need to be applied to pure solvent to top it from undergoing osmosis (often used to express the conc of a solution)

Question 16

lysosome

Answer 16

the pocket of particle etc from endocytosis

Question 17

how are signal peptides fromed?

Answer 17

translation at the ribosomes

Question 18

vesicle

Answer 18

a small fluid filled sac, bladder, cyst or vacuole in the body (in plant = air filled swelling)