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Biomechanics > Bio and Kines lecture 1 > Flashcards

Bio and Kines lecture 1 Flashcards

(106 cards)

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1
Q

What is the definition of Biomechancis?

A

the study of forces and motion and their effects on the human body, mechanics of human motion

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2
Q

What are the foundations of biomechanics based in?

A

Anatomy, Physics, Physiology,Kinesiology

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3
Q

What is ergonomics?

A

applying biomechanics to the work place

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4
Q

What are two types of mechanics?

A

Statics and dynamics

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5
Q

what is statics(mechanics)?

A

in balance, equal and opposite forces

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6
Q

what is dynamics(mechanics)?

A

motion, one or more forces that are larger acting on a system

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7
Q

What is motion?

A

a change in position with regards to a reference point

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8
Q

What causes stability

A

internal forces that are equal and opposite of external forces

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9
Q

What causes instability

A

external forces is greater than our internal forces(greater than what we can counteract)

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10
Q

What is COM

A

center of mass

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11
Q

Where is COM

A

theoretical point in the body around which all your mass is equally distributed

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12
Q

What is LOG

A

line of gravity, action line and direction of force of gravity on a person

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13
Q

What is BOS

A

base of support

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14
Q

What factors influence stability

A

sensory, motor and biomechanical factors

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15
Q

What are the biomechanical factors that influence stability

A

size of BOS, Shape of BOS, relationship of COM/LOG to BOS, height of COM above BOS and mass

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16
Q

What type of BOS is more stable: small or large

A

large

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17
Q

Is a lower COM more stable

A

yes

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18
Q

What is kinematics

A

description of motion without regard to forces producing motion

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19
Q

What are variables for a given motion

A

type of motion, location of motion, magnitude of motion and direction of motion

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20
Q

What are the two different types of motion

A

translatory and angular

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21
Q

What are different types of translatory motion

A

curvilinear, rectilinear and circular

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22
Q

What is rectilinear motion

A

all parts in the object going in the same direction at the same time at the same speed

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23
Q

What is curvilinear motion

A

rectilinear motion with an arch( anything thrown has curvilinear motion)

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24
Q

What is angular motion

A

movement around a fixed point in a curved path

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25
What are some examples of angular motion
knee flexion, cervical rotation, elbow flexion and hip abduction
26
is human movement mostly translatory or angular
angular
27
What type of kinematic variable would "flexion" be considered
direction
28
What type of kinematic variable would " degrees" be considered
magnitude
29
What is kinetics
study of motion including the actions of forces occurring during or causing/preventing motion
30
What is Newtons first law of motion
object at rest will remain at rest, object in motion will remain in motion unless acted on by a force(also called law of inertia)
31
What is newtons second law of motion
linear acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the force causing it, takes place in the same direction in which the force was applied, and is inversly proportional to the mass of the object(law of acceleration)
32
What type of movement occurs in the Sagittal plane
flexion and extension
33
What type of movement occurs in the frontal plane
abduction and adduction
34
What type of movement occurs in the transverse plane
rotation, shoulder horizontal abduction and adduction, pronation and supination
35
is the axis perpendicular or parallel to the plane you are moving in
perpendicular
36
What does magnitude of motion refer to
goniometry or degrees
37
What is newton's 3rd law of motion
for every force there is an equal and opposite force
38
What is force
a push or a pull
39
What is friction
two forces sliding across each other
40
What is tensile force
2 forces pulling in opposite directions
41
What type of injury can tensile force cause
sprain or strain
42
What is pressure
force applied over a surface area
43
Is a larger or smaller surface area good when thinking about pressure
larger
44
What is a force couple
2 or more forces going in different directions acting around a fulcrum
45
What is torsion
compression combined with rotation which can cause shearing within a tissue
46
What is inertia
resistance to a change in a state of motion
47
If mass increases does inertia increase or decrease
increase
48
What is angular momentum
the quantity of motion that an object possesses as it moves around an axis
49
What does angular momentum depend on
mass, angular velocity and moment of inertia
50
What is the law of conservation
once momentum has been established it will remain unchanged unless acted on by an outside object
51
What is impulse
amount of time that a force acts over
52
How many classes of levers are there
3
53
What are three parts of a lever
fulcrum, effort and load
54
What is one first class lever in the body when in anatomical position
atlantoccipital joint
55
What is one second class lever in the body when in anatomical position
calf raise(going up on toes)
56
Which lever system is the inefficient lever system in terms of force and power
third class levers
57
Where is effort of a lever system in the body concentrated
the insertion point of a muscle
58
Will increasing the distance increase the torque
yes
59
Will increasing force increase the torque
yes
60
Does the insertion move closer to origin through its action
yes
61
Which bone is usualy more stable in motion
the proximal bone
62
What happens in reverse muscle action
the origin moves closer to the insertion
63
What type of chain does reverse muscle action usually occur
closed chained
64
Is the proximal or distal end more stable in reverse muscle action
distal
65
What is irritability
response to stimuli
66
What is contractility
ability to shorten
67
What is extensibility
ability to lengthen
68
What is elasticity
return to original state
69
What is tension
ability to generate force
70
What is excursion
difference between max shortening and lengthening
71
What are some factors that affect muscle action
muscle size and length, muscle type/fiber arrangement, line of pull, moment arm, length/tension relationship, number os joints crossed
72
What is ROM
length of muscle affects amount of motion and the amount of force produced by that motion
73
Excursion is proportional to what?
fiber length
74
What is the max sarcomere excursion
50% of resting length
75
In terms of angle of attachment, a shallow/small angle equals what
approximation
76
in terms of angle of attachment, a deep large angle equals
rotation
77
What is an agonist
prime mover
78
What is antagonist
stretches while the agonist contracts
79
What is a stabilizer
holds one segment still while another moves
80
What is a joint
a connection between two or more bones
81
What are the functions of a joint
stability, allow motion and help bear weight of the body
82
What are two divisions of synarthroses
fibrous and cartilaginous
83
What is fibrous
fibrous tissue that connect bone to bone directly
84
What is cartilaginous
material connecting bone to bone is a type of catilage
85
What are some examples of fibrous
suture(skull), gomphsis(teeth to jaw) and syndemosis(distal radial ulnar joint)
86
What are some examples of cartilaginous
symphysis(pubic symphysis) and synchondrosis(vertebral disc)
87
What is diarthroses
two bones inside a capsule they do not touch
88
What do all diarthroses have
joint capsule/ligaments formed of fibrous tissue joint cavity enclosed by the capsule, synovial membrane, hyaline cartilage that covers the joint surfaces
89
What determines degrees of freedom for joints
how many planes it can move in
90
What is a uniaxial joint
hinge joint or pivot joint, Ex: elbow and c1-c2 joints
91
What is biaxial joint
condylar jointsMCP joints(flex,extend abd/add), saddle joints(sternalclavicular
92
What is a triaxial joint
ball and socket joints(shoulder/hip), plane joints(carpals, tarsals)
93
What is stress
internal resistance to n external force
94
What is strain
amount of deformation
95
What is creep
applying a low force constantly over a long time
96
What is stress relaxation
constant length on a structure
97
What is an example of creep
sustained joint mob
98
What is an example of stress relaxation
stretching something putting a cast on to maintain that stretch
99
What are the six regions of the stress strain curve
toe region, linear region, Yield Point, plastic region, region of failure and ultimate failure
100
What is the toe region
tissues stretches easily without much force
101
What is the linear region
continued stress, more force required to create further deformation
102
What is yield point
transition from elastic region to plastic region
103
What is the region of failure
load and rate have exceeded mechanical properties of tissue
104
What happens at ultimate failure
Rupture or avulsion
105
When do ruptures happen
with high rates of speed and high force
106
What do avulsions happen
slow rates of speed but too much force

Biomechanics (2 decks)

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