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bio before systems Flashcards

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1
Q

organisms must fulfil the following characteristics

A

reproduce independently (which is why virus are not living because they use hosts cells to reproduce)
use energy in form of food or external source

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2
Q

Cell

A

Basic unit of life, structure and function (cells detoxify blood, not the liver)

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3
Q

STRUCTURE

A

ANATOMY (looks)

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4
Q

FUNCTION

A

PHYSIOLOGY (job)

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5
Q

hierarchy

A

chem level
(Water molecule)
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organismal

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6
Q

The 2 different types of cells (Cell are characterized by how they store dna )

A

Prokaryotic (stringy dna in nucleus) - bacteria
Eukaryotic (enclosed dna in nucleus) - animal and plant cells

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7
Q

similarities between pro and eukaryotic

A

Dna
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane

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8
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Simple
Small
Reproduces quickly
No Nucleus
Single cell that lacks organelles

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9
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Nucleus
Large
Complex
Organelles
Multicellular
Chromosomes

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10
Q

What is diffusion

A

Intermixing of 2 particles/substances
— this will naturally happen in cells to exchange information.

Diffusion is simple in prokaryotic because it is a smaller cell

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11
Q

Functional divisions

A

How eukaryotic cells are able to expand their size (co-opting small prokaryotic)

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12
Q

Cells are filled with

A

CYTOPLASM (fluid that contains sugars proteins and salts)

extracellular fluid has the same build

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13
Q

Organelles are made with an ____________

A

oil layer

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14
Q

CELL MEMBRANE

A

Double Layer of oil
Phospholipids that let small particles in but fats out

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15
Q

CELL WALL

A

in plant cells
Made of cellulose
Armour for plants to maintain turgid cells not flaccid cells

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16
Q

NUCLEUS

A

Dna storage center

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17
Q

RIBSOSOMES

A

composed of RNA
constructs proteins
Dna makes a photocopy of rna that is delivered to endoplasmix reticulum

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18
Q

ER

A

highly folded membrane branching away from nucleus

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19
Q

SER

A

Smooth Er
The er helps diffuse materials to get through cell

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20
Q

PUTTING IT TOGETHER

A
  1. nucleus photocopies instructions
  2. Instructions enter rer that houses protein making ribosomes
  3. Proteins diffuse through ers to rest of cell
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21
Q

GOLGI BODY

A

See connects to golgi to deliever proteins through VESICLES

Flattened center with bubble edges where vesicles dock

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22
Q

Vesicles

A

Export/import materials

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23
Q

Lysosome

Study These Flashcards
A

Cleans up cell with digestive enzymes

24
Q

Vacuoles

Study These Flashcards
A

Storage vesicles
— large in plants to make turgor pressure

25
MITOCHONDIRA
manufactures energy with cellular respiration Glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide, water and energy
26
CHLOROPLASTS
with green clotophyll inside that uses the suns energy + water + carbon dioxide to make glucose and oxygen
27
all specialized cells branch from ______ ______
STEM CELLS (cell division in 2 daughter cells and genes change to create different types of specialized cells)
28
What is cell differentiation
When cells gain a specific role in an organism
29
RBC
biconcave discs - maneuver through tight areas carry oxygen travels through narrow blood vessels and single file in capillaries
30
MUSCLE CELLS
muscles that move body - striated muscle (striped) - muscle contraction is when muscles concentric and eccentric contraction - long parrellel fivers bundled in groups
31
SKIN CELLS
skin is an organ (integumentary system) upper most layer (epidermis) has a squamous shape Defensive virus protection and prevents water loss
32
BRAIN CELLS
brain is most complex organ 3 bill cells STELLATE shape (allows cells to branch out and connect with others to make complex neurological pathways in the brain)
33
WBC
love like amoeba and engulf bacteria to fight infection
34
CELL CYCLE
20 minutes Interphase (longest phase/cell grows) - G1- active cell, duplicates organelles, replicating centrosomes S- replicating DNA G2- cell growth continues, enzymes are synthesizers and chromosomes are compleated
35
Mitosis
Method of the complex eukaryotic cells reproduction
36
PMAT
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
37
PROPHASE
busiest phase nuclear membrane breaks down spindle fibers appear — 2 identical chromatids attach themselves to centromere of a chromosome
38
METALHASE
Chromosomes line up of metaphase plate Chromosomes line up so each strand of dna lies of each side of the central line
39
Anaphase
Chromosomes are separated Daughter chromosomes are made Spindle fibers contract to pull apart chromosomes
40
TELEOPHASE
Cell sets back to normal Spindles disappear Dna back to strings Membrane back Cell undergoes cytokinesis (3rd stage)
41
CYTOKINESIS
Cell splitting into 2 Animal cells - pinch Plant cells - build new cell wall
42
CANCER
Dna damage : exogenous endogenous
43
MUTATIONS
error in DNA code, sometimes this can happen to the dna that instructs on how to control cell division
44
Cancer cells are ones that have their _____ phase turned on permanently
M PHASE (instead of going through interphase, a mutated cell undergoes fast replication)
45
NORMAL CELLS V CANCEROUS CELLS
A normal - one nucleus Cancer - enlarged nuclei bc they are constantly replicating dna - weird shape
46
Oncogenes help tumour take over healthy cells by
Providing nutrients for abnormally rapid growth with angiogenesis
47
TUMOUR
cluster of cancer cells causing obstructions they take rid of the healthy cells and don’t preform the organs proper function
48
blood cancer
Leukemea - bone marrow wbc Lymphoma - lmyp system Myeloma - malignant cancer cells
49
Benign cells
NOT CANCEROUS - removed through surgery Can crowd surrounding tissues
50
Malignant cells
CANCER invades tissues and sneerers blood vessels
51
Stages 1
Tumour is small
52
Stage 2
Larger than s1 but hasn’t spread to tissues
53
Stage 3
Large and spread to tissues
54
Stage 4
Spreads to organs
55
CANCER TREATMENTS
surgery - tumours in 1 area/early stages chemo - drugs to kill fast growing cc/used to shrink tumours so that radiation is possible Radiation - night does of radiation to kill/shrink tumours - early stages to make other surgeries (chemo) effective
56
NOT ONLY 1 TREATMENT WORKS FOR EVERYONE
some tumours are resistant to drugs while others may not be allowed to be revived w surgery

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