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Bio/biochem Flashcards

(104 cards)

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1
Q

Thyroid hormones and what do the numbers mean

A

T3 and T4 the numbers are the number of iodines bonded to each molecule

T3 is more biologically active so often the liver or cells of target cleave it back to T4

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2
Q

Without CO2 how can the body still have respiratory drive

A

Cells have chemoreceptors for O2 so when the O2 levels dec respiratory drive for more O2 occurs

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3
Q

Skeletal muscles and smooth muscles use what respectively to open the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Skeletal muscles use depolarization of t-tubule system

Smooth muscles- utilizes a second messenger system

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4
Q

Location of microfilaments

A

Are located in the cytoplasm of cells

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5
Q

Umbilical vein

A

The umbilical vein carries oxygen and nutrients from the placenta to the fetus

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6
Q

Umbilical artery

A

Carrie carbon dioxide and metabolic waste from the fetus to the placenta

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7
Q

Spermatogenesis

A 
Spermatogonium (diploid)
Primary spermatocyte (diploid)
Secondary spermatocyte (haploid)
Spermatid (haploid)
Spermatozoan (haploid)
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8
Q

What do retroviruses contain?

A

DNA, reverse transcriptase, integrase

They do not contain RNA

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9
Q

The counter-current multiplier effect

A

Is a mechanism for establishing and maintaining the steep osmolarity gradient between the cortex and medulla of the kidney which is vital for the conservation of water via reabsorption in the loop of Henle

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10
Q

What region of sacromere does not change length during contraction

A

A-band everything else does change

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11
Q

Class 1 Major Histocompatibility complex (MHC1)

A

Are molecules found on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body they display cytoplasmic proteins fragments to cytotoxic T cells and allow the T cells to recognize the fragments as yourself or non-self

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12
Q

Class two major histocompatibility protein complex

A

Are molecules located on antigen presenting cells only

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13
Q

Cell mediated immunity example

A

Cytotoxic T cells

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14
Q

Chyme

A

Partially digested food and gastric juices that are in the form of a semi liquid substance and it enters the duodenum where it encounters secretions from the gallbladder and pancreas

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15
Q

What characterizes the descending limb of Henle’s loop?

A

High permeability to water and low permeability to ions this is done in order to create a saw you concentration gradient between the renal cortex and medulla

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16
Q

What characterizes the ascending limb of Henle sleep?

A

The ascending limb of Henle’s Loop is where the tubule is impermeable to water and highly permeable to ions

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17
Q

Transformation in bacteria

A

Virus vector transfers the DNA from one bacterium to another

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18
Q

Transformation in bacteria

A

The incorporation of genetic material fragments in countered by a bacterium

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19
Q

Conjugation

A

Exchange genetic material via a physical bridge called the conjugation bridge between two bacteria

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20
Q

When is ATP hydrolyzed or bound in muscle contractions

A

ATP is involved in Dissociation of myosin from Acton, confirmation of change that moves actinomycin filaments relative to one another, and the reuptake of calcium into the psych up as him via an ATP hydrolyzing pump

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21
Q

What cell(s) do not have nuclei in body

A

Platelets and RBCs

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22
Q

Neutrophils

A

are phagocytic granulocytes that are no invovled in protection from a virus and are unable to present antigens likes macrophages/dendritic cells. However are able to use chemotaxis to follow bacterial products back to the source

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23
Q

B-cells

A

Eventually make antibodies but are not involved in combatting against a virus And sometimes can exhibit MCH class to molecules on their cell surface

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24
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Activate T cells

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25
Cytotoxic T-Cells
Adaptive immune response that is directly related to combatting a virus and are highly specific
26
Natural Killer Cells
Innate immune response that monitors MHC Class I expression
27
Primary Immune Response
Is slow because memory cells have not been developed for new pathogen
28
Secondary Immune Response
Is specific, quick and efficient due to memory cells from a previous pathogen
29
Passive Immunity
Is immunity generated when one receives antibodies from outside sources
30
Naïve
Did not receive treatment and research experiment
31
Helper T Cells
Are very specific lymphocytes that aid in the removal of cancer cells by preventing wrong for activation or by activating B cells
32
What are good vaccine targets for bacteria and viruses?
Membrane protiens So the antibodies in the bloodstream can access the protein informant immune response to them
33
Where does B-lymphocyte production occur?
In bone marrow
34
Clonal deletion
Elimination of self reactive B-cells in the bone marrow from the population
35
Where are B-cells activated
Lymph nodes and spleen
36
How does Clonal Selection work
Only B-cells that can correctly bind to the antigen survive providing a mechanism for generating specificity. The antigen binding region of the B-cell undergoes hypermutation in order to find the best match for the antigen
37
Immune system Phagocytes
Dendritic cells and macrophages
38
First step in alerting immune system of potential invaders
Phagocytes ingeet invader and then present a MHC class II molecule on its surface. Then cell travels to lymph nodes expressing the invader to B-cells where clonal selction takes time to match the antigen to a proper anitbody
39
Th1 cells
Helper T cells that are CD4+ respond to MHC class II and coordinate the rest of the immune response through secretions of lymphocytes specifically interferon and gamma which activate macrophages. Mainly involved in the extracellular pathogen infections
40
Th2 cells
Helper T cells that are CD4+ respond to MHC II and coordinate the rest of the immune response by activating B cells primarily in parasitic infections. Mainly involved in extracellular pathogen infections
41
Mast cells
Have antibodies on their surface and when triggered can promote the release of inflammatory chemicals
42
Interferons
Are immune mediators that are responsible got triggering surrounding cells to be less permeable to antigens and upregulate MHC I and II. This causes feelings of sickness as well as parts of the fever pathway
43
Complement
Is an immune mediator that consists of protiens that act as non specific defense against bacteria by poking poles in the cell wall
44
Bacterial (Extracellular Pathogen) Infections
Macrophages are always on the lookout for potential invaders where the macrophages in golf bacteria and release inflammatory mediators. The mediators can also digest and present antigens on their surfaces. Cytokines then trigger inflammatory response which triggers mast cell degranulation. Histamine triggers leaky capillaries so that immune cells can move to affected tissue. Dendritc cells go to nearest lymphocyte and to get B cells to produce correct antibody
45
Mast cell degranulation
Results in histamine release with which causes increased lateness of capillaries
46
Extravastion
The movement of immune cells from the bloodstream into affected tissues
47
Plasma cells
Produce antibodies in the lymph nodes and proliferate through clonal selection
48
Memory B cells
Amplify the antibody response and are proliferated through clonal selection. Help To recognize foreign molecules and to produce antibodies in a rapid immediate response
49
Interferon gamma
Molecule that activates macrophages and enhances their ability to kill bacteria and is released by Th1 sells
50
Viral (Intracellular Pathogen)
Fairly infected cells will begin to produce interferons which reduce the permeability of nearby cells causing sickness symptoms these infected cells also present intracellular proteins on their surface in conjunction with MHC1. CD8+ T cells recognize The MHC one and antigen complex as foreign and inject substances into the cells to induce aPoptosis. Memory T cells are generated so that the next time a much faster response can be obtained
51
Regulatory T cells
CD4+ cells that Monitor immune responses and help to prevent auto immunity
52
What is the relationship between T cells and the thymus
T cells mature and undergo positive and negative selection here
53
Eosinophils
Release histamine which helps drive the inflammatory response of The Body
54
Crossing over
Occurs in prophase I of meiosis causing alleles to be swapped between homologous chromosomes however genes that are located very close together on a chromosome are less likely to be separated from each other and R said to not be linked
55
How can you let that genes are linked?
They will have a low recombination frequency, the closer to 0% the frequency the more likely they are to be linked and the more likely they are to be located close together
56
What is the role of fructose in Male Reproduction
The seminal vesicles contribute fructose to nourish sperm
57
Lac operon
Is the segment of DNA that binds to the repressor
58
What characteristic is unique to unicellular organisms either prokaryotes or eukaryotes?
Their genomes have nearly all material codes for protiens
59
What makes up cillia and flagella
Bundles of microtubules
60
Microfilaments
I composed of actin and are found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells as well as in muscles
61
S-phase
DNA synthesis stage
62
G1/S checkpoint
Restriction checkpoint that tells the cell if it will commit to division. Failure to pass checkpoint leads to no division
63
G2 checkpoint
Takes place before cell division and checks for DNA damage after replication and if the damage is detected it will pause division till damage is repaired
64
Nondisjunction
Occurs in anaphase I or II when homologous pairs or sister chromatids fail to separate
65
Dissociation constant relationship
Low Kd means the ES complex does not dissociate readily High Kd means the ES complex does indeed readily dissociate
66
Sertoli cells
Cells that nourish developing sperm cells and al located in the epithelial lining of seminiferous tubules and activated by FSH
67
Leydig cells
Are adjacent to seminiferous tubules in testicles where they produce testosterone and other androgens when stimulated by LH.
68
Synapsis
Pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis
69
Synaptonemal complex
Facilitates the pairing of homologous chromosomes
70
Nucleolus
Is the nuclear sub domain that assembles ribosomal unit and eukaryotic cells. The nucleolus organizeher region of chromosomes which contain the jeans for pre-ribosomal ribonucleic acid serves as the function of the nucleolus structure
71
IgG
Is an antibody that gets transferred from the mother through umbilicus circulation or breast milk to help protect the infant from pathogens
72
CCK
In small intestines Suppresses hunger stimualtes acinar pancreatic cells to realease digestive enzymes and lowers gastric secretions. Think saitey
73
Somatostatin
Is growth hormone and it inhibits CCK
74
Nonsense mutation
Stop codon mutation
75
CDNA librayr
Contains only coding regions (exons)
76
Genomics library
Contains both coding a non-coding regions HA intron and exons
77
Negative control
Is a control in which we expect to see no result
78
Positive control
Control in Which an known result is expected
79
Opputilunistic virus
When cells are trying to maintain homeostasis and the virus infects these cells
80
Lytic phase
Host cell machinate taken over to create more phage protiens
81
Lysogenic phase
Occurs when phage genome is incorporated into host genome allowing it to replicate as the host replicates. In this phase there is no active infection but can transition to lutic phase during certian environmental conditions
82
Vasopressin
Adds aquaporins to collecting ducts to inc water reabsorption
83
Nuclear localization sequence
Sequence that allows proteins to translocate into the nucleus
84
Ubiquitination
Targets a pro team for degradation buy a proteosome
85
Proteasome
Is a protein complex in a cell that contains proteases. It degrades proteins that have been tagged by ubiquitin
86
Where do microtubules radiate from
Centrosomes
87
Dependency ratio
of econmically dependent ppl/# of economically productive ppl Or Ppl too young/old to work/ppl 18-65
88
Linguistic relativity hypothesis
Suggest that human cognition is affected by language such as humans are better at distinguishing colors from their language which has a name for that color
89
Source monitoring error
When the source of one thing is miss identified as another source and is typically experienced with previous knowledge
90
Dissociative disorder
When a patient selectively is forgetting distracting elements of his or her life
91
Relative poverty
Having less income than required to maintain a certian standard of living
92
Structural poverty
Poverty due to economic structure
93
Absolute poverty
Below the poverty line and have deficient income
94
Marginal poverty
Lack certain stable employment
95
Cell mediated immunity
Is an immune response that does not involve antibodies but rather involves the activation of phagocytes antigen specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the various cytokines in the response to an antigen
96
Glycogen phosphorylase
Is the rate limiting step in glycogenolysis
97
Glycerol abd metabolism
It can be a gluconeogenesis in glycolysis substrate
98
Cytochrome P450
Acts as a monooxygenase where in oxygen atom is inserted into a substrate thereby resulting in the oxidation of the substrate
99
Henries law constant KH
S= Kh x Pg Solutbility = henries law constant × the partial pressure of gas
100
What are the units of the ribosome
it is EPA E stands for exit, P stands for peptide, and A stands for amino acid Amino acid and proteins flow from Starting at A to Ending at E
101
Gel filtration chromatography vs Native PAGE
Native PAGE is used to separate molecules based on their electrophoretic mobility relying on length confirmation in charge while girl filtration chromatography separate proteins only on the basis of their size
102
What is true about the in active X chromosome replication
It is one of the last chromosomes to replicate
103
Microglia
Are phagocytic innate immune cells specific to the brain
104
Progression of protein synthesis
Rough ER to go to complex and then secretory transport vesicles

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