Bio Biochem Flashcards
(37 cards)
Liver 4 functions
- detox– cyt P450 oxidizes stuff
- glucose regulation
- bile
- cholesterol metabolism / FA synth
Lipoprotein lipase
releases fatty acids from VLDL’s and chylomicrons in well fed state
-in adipocytes
glycerol phosphate
- in glycolysis
- in TAG synthesis
- when well-fed
- in adipocytes
When starving, hormone-sensitive lipase (low insulin)
Source of fuel
In well-fed:
- cardiac always uses FA
- liver can also use proteins
- everything except heart uses glucose (failing heart uses glucose)
In starvation:
- always fat except brain and RBC must use glucose
- ketone bodies for skeletal muscle and brain
Respirometry
measure respiratory quotient expt’ally
RQ = CO2 produced/O2 consumed
Carbs = 1, Lipids = 0.7 (carbs make more CO2 than lipids per oxygen)
resting = 0.8, we use both simultaneously
Basal metabolic rate
- Calorimeters can measure this using heat exchange
- based on age, weight, height, sex
Body mass protein/carbs same over time, water short term fluctuations, lipids long term
Food hormones
- ghrelin- secreted before meal, increases appetite
- orexin further increases appetite (release triggered by ghrelin and hypoglycemia)
- leptin is secreted by fat- satiety- suppress orexin production
Aluminum in blood- what form?
Al(OH)3 -poorly soluble
in acidic conditions, form Al 3+ and water (solvate), which replaces cofactors in the body and causes harm
(replace Fe3+, Fe2+, Ca2+, Mg2+)
Phosphate in Kidneys- secreted/absorbed where?
PCT and DCT
Proteins not found in urine but removed from the blood…
must have been destroyed (lysosome) or heavily modified (Golgi)
Cell-connections
Hemidesmosomes: skin (attach to ECM)
Desmosomes: attach to adjacent cells exposed to mechanical stress; strong attachment; stomach, heart, bladder
Plasmodesmata: plants, algae
Gap junctions: Kind of everywhere
Tight junctions: Kidney (PCT, DCT, CD), BBB, Part of bile duct traversing liver
Kidney
PCT- most reabsorption, non-ionic secretion
DCT, CD- concentrate urine
DCT- also ion conc, acid/base balance
LoH- Vasa recta exchange, adjust urine [solute]
Respiratory cilia
- mucus elevator- clears pathogens, prevents obstruction of hardened mucus as in COPD
- nonmotile cilia help w/ cough reflex
- no cilia in alveoli
Blood vessel production
angiopoietin + VEGF (platelet-derived)
Ectoderm, Mesoderm
Ecto- Nervous system including axons
Meso- Blood, smooth muscles, endothelial cells, arteries
Capillaries
do NOT have muscle contraction
- primary site of gas exchange
- endothelial turnover when injury/age
- low pressure flow
Heterozygous advantage
- sickle cell anemia- malaria protection
- retinoblastoma- enhanced neural growth/neural plasticity in early life
Explains the continued presence of recessive alleles that lead to disease
Genetic drift
- small populations
- eliminates minor variants
Prenatal Karyotyping
will NOT tell you what allele is present on the chromosome
Hybrid vigor
- does NOT apply to humans
- it’s from breeding 2 different species and having viable offspring (although they are generally infertile)
Know the structure of ceramide and phosphocholine, a sphingomyelin (or PE)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphingomyelin
ATP Synthesis
- constant H+ gradient = Cellular respiration
- dissipate gradient = glycolysis, fermentation make ATP
Aspartate transaminase catalyzes what rxn?
Asp + a-ketoglutarate -> glu + oxaloacetate
(Asp -> oxalo, a-keto -> glu)
https://aaltoscientific.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/aspartate-transaminase1.jpg
Red hair or Green eyes
polygenic inheritance
-unmasking at blond hair
