Bio/Biochem

Question 1

What is the main difference between nucleotides and nucleosides?

Answer 1

Nucleosides lack the phospahte group, nucleotides do not

Question 2

What causes nitrogen to act as a nucleophile?

Answer 2

Nucleophilic behavior of a nitrogen is caused by its lone pair.

Question 3

When is the protonated form more prevelant? The deprotonated?

Answer 3

If the pH is below the pKa the protonated form will be more prevelant, if the pH is above the pKa the deprotonated form will be more prevelant.

Question 4

RNA replicas is only needed by what type of RNA virus?

Answer 4

RNA replicase is only needed by negative sense single-stranded RNA viruses

Question 5

Where is the only place a virus can replicate?

Answer 5

Viruses can only replicate inside the cell

Question 6

What do Viral proteins use to synthesize and where is this located?

Answer 6

Viral proteins are synthesized using host ribosomes contained within the rough ER

Question 7

What are viral envelopes primarily made of?

Answer 7

Viral envelopes are primarily made of phospholipids

Question 8

Interference with microfilament polymerization is likely to compromise what functions?

Answer 8

Interference with microfilament polymerization is likely to compromise contractile ring function and disrupt cytokinesis

Question 9

What are two ways to increase membrane fluidity?

Answer 9

Decreasing percent composition of cholesterol and/or increasing the temperature will increase membrane fluidity.

Question 10

What are the differences between mitosis and meiosis?

Answer 10

Seperation of sister chormatids is not a difference between mitosis and meiosis

Question 11

What stage is least like to target aggressive and fast-growing cancer cells?

Answer 11

G0 is the least likely stage to target cancer cells that are aggressive and fast-growing

Question 12

What are structures in bacteria cells that antibiotics would target that eukaryotes would not?

Answer 12

Bacteria contain a 30S small ribosomal subunit and a 50S large ribosomal subunit and peptidoglycan, which is an important component of many cell walls

Question 13

What color do Gram-positive bacteria stain and why?

Answer 13

Gram-positive bacteria stained purple due to adhesion of crystal-violet to their peptidoglycan layer

Question 14

A lipoprotein capture technique is most similar to which ELISA technique?

Answer 14

lipoprotein capture techinique is most like a capture assay

Question 15

A ____ in NADH/NAD+ ratio will drive fatty acid oxidation?

Answer 15

A decreased NADH/NAD+ ratio will drive fatty acid oxidation

Question 16

Which takes priority in terms of absolute configuration: multiple oxygens or a metal ion?

Answer 16

A metal takes priority over multiple oxygens in terms of absolute configurations

Question 17

What 3 things would all directly increase the rate of aerobic respiration?

Answer 17

Short chain fatty acids, pyruvate, and glycogen would all directly increase the rate of aerobic respiration

Question 18

What type of hormone is insulin, and what effect does it have on blood sugar levels?

Answer 18

Insulin is a peptide hormone that promotes an decrease in blood glucose levels

Question 19

A mutation introducing a stop codon into the middle of a repetitive sequence of coding DNA would have what kind of effect?

Answer 19

A mutation that would introduce a stop codon into the middle of a repetitive sequence of coding DNA would increase the complexity and have a major effect on its protein product

Question 20

What begins synthesis during replication?

Answer 20

DNA polymerase begins synthesis during replication

Question 21

Is there a difference between the Sense DNA strand and mRNA coding strand?

Answer 21

Sense DNA is the same as the mRNA

Question 22

What does the addition of a 3’ poly-A tail do to a yarn scripted strand of DNA and what type of modification is the addition considered to be in eukaryotes?

Answer 22

Addition of a 3’ poly-A tail that permanently protects the transcript from degradation is a post-transcriptional modification in eukaryotes

Question 23

What type of structure is an alpha helix?

Answer 23

Alpha helixes are secondary structures

Question 24

Alpha helixes require what two types of amino acids?

Answer 24

Alpha helixes require charged amino acids AND nonpolar amino acids

Question 25

Why can’t a ring of prolong be bent into a helix?

Answer 25

A ring of proline would cause too much stress to be bent into a helix

Question 26

Where are charged amino acids located on an alpha helix?

Answer 26

Charged amino acids on an alpha helix, would be in the extracellular space attached to the plasma membrane

Question 27

If an alpha helix has a total of 8 residues, how many complete turns can it make?

Answer 27

If an alpha helix has 4.1 residues per turn and has a total of 8 residues it will only complete 1 turn

Question 28

Do disulfide bonds form between all amino acids containing sulfur molecules?

Answer 28

Disulfide bonds do not form between any two amino acids with sulfur in them. They form between two cysteines

Question 29

What acts as a nucleophile when two amino acids bind together?

Answer 29

When two amino acids connect using a peptide bond the nucleophile in that reaction is the terminal nitrogen on one of the amino acids

Question 30

What happens when the pH is greater than the pKa of a part of an amino acid?

Answer 30

When pH > pKa for the side chain, the carboxylic acid, or the amino terminal then that section will be deprotonated

Question 31

What are the average pKas of the amino terminal and carboxylic acid part of amino acids?

Answer 31

The average pKa for the carboxyilic acid part of an amino acid is 2 and the average for the amino terminal is 9

Question 32

What are the steps in a Gabriel synthesis of an amino acid?

Answer 32

During a Gabriel synthesis of an amino acid the last step is using heat to remove the -COOH group

Question 33

What enzyme reduces O2 to H2O?

Answer 33

Oxidoreductase enzymes reduces O2 to H2O

Question 34

What is a zymogen? What is an apoenzyme

Answer 34

Zymogens are inactive precursors of enzymes that require proteolytic cleavage prior to becoming active.

Question 35

What is a kinase? What is a transferase? What is a phosphatase? What is a ligase?

Answer 35

A kinase is classified as a biological molecule that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group onto its substrate

Question 36

Where are Allosteric enzymes prevalent?

Answer 36

Allosteric enzymes are prevalent in metabolic regulatory pathways, feedback loops, cell growth, and division pathways

Question 37

What do Kinases do to their substrates and which amino acids are most likely affected by it?

Answer 37

Kinases phosphorolate their substrates and the amino acids most likely to be phosphorolated are S,T,Y

Question 38

If all the answers to a question seem wrong, what should you do?

Answer 38

If all of the answers seem wrong, look for the one that is least wrong

Question 39

What does insulin do?

Answer 39

Insulin decreases fatty acid oxidation, reduces blood glucose levels, and increases triglyceride syntheiss

Question 40

What does LH do?

Answer 40

LH triggers ovulation

Question 41

What does insulin resistance cause?

Answer 41

Insulin resistance inhibits uptake of glucose from the bloodstream

Question 42

What metabolic function would decrease if the anterior pituitary was removed?

Answer 42

If the anterior pituitary was removed, one result would be a reduction in the basal metabolic rate

Question 43

What is the process for an octyocyte?

Answer 43

The process for an octyocyte is Meiosis I initiation → puberty → meiosis I completion → meiosis II initiation → fertilization → meiosis II completion

Question 44

What are the important roles played by the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in ovarian function?

Answer 44

The important role played by the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in ovarian function include: Secretion of estrogen, Secretion of progesterone, and Stimulation of folliculogenesis

Question 45

Is there variability in the follicular phase?

Answer 45

There is variability in the follicular phase.

Question 46

What are the stages of embryotic development

Answer 46

Morula happens before blastula

Question 47

Would A woman who suffered cardiac arrest as a result of submersion into cold (<10°C) water suffer from piloerection or shivering?

Answer 47

A woman who suffered cardiac arrest as a result of submersion into cold (<10°C) water would experience both piloerection and shivering

Question 48

When the human body is at rest, do the pulmonary arteries carry blood of the lowest or highest pH?

Answer 48

When the human body is at rest, pulmonary arteries carries blood with the lowest pH

Question 49

What is the primary stimulus of respiratory drive?

Answer 49

Increased arterial carbon dioxide is a primary stimulus of respiratory drive.

Question 50

Is heart rate affected by the parasympathetic nervous system? The immune system?

Answer 50

Heart rate is affected by the parasympathetic nervous system and NOT by the immune system (its affected by other thing too, these are just the ones I got wrong in this question)

Question 51

What is the range of stomach acid pH?

Answer 51

If the pH is below the pKa the protonated form will be more prevelant, if the pH is above the pKa the deprotonated form will be more prevelant. Note stomach acid pH ranges from 1.5-3.5

Question 52

How much does an average amino acid weigh

Answer 52

The average amino acid is 110Da and a Da is =1amu

Question 53

What makes up a nucleotide?

Answer 53

A nucleotide consists of a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and exactly one phosphate group

Question 54

How is DNA stabilized?

Answer 54

The helical structure of DNA is stabilized by multiple factors, including both hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases (base pairing) and base-stacking, which refers to hydrophobic interactions among nitrogenous bases.

Question 55

What is the easiest way to confirm a silent mutation?

Answer 55

The easiest way to confirm the precence of a silent mutation is DNA sequencing

Question 56

What form of RNA is the most active during post-transcriptional processing?

Answer 56

tRNA is the most acitve form of RNA during post-transcriptional processing

Question 57

Of DNA and RNA, which contains a more stable sugar and which can catalyze biochemical reactions?

Answer 57

DNA has a more stable sugar than RNA, while RNA can catalyze biochemical reactions and DNA can't

Question 58

Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes require multiple release factors?

Answer 58

In prokayrotes translation requires multiple release factors (RFs)

Question 59

Between euchromatin and heterochromatin which is related to the downregulation of transcription and which is associated with increased levels of transcription?

Answer 59

Euchromatin is associated with increased levels of transcription, while heterochromatin is related to the downregulation of transcription

Question 60

What would a deficiency in the proper production of centromeres do?

Answer 60

A deficiency in the proper production of centromeres would inhibit the presence of attachment points on the chromosomes for microtubules during mitosis

Question 61

What can you say about two genes with a low recombination frequency?

Answer 61

If two genes have a low recombination frequency they are physically close together

Question 62

When do homologous chromosomes seperate?

Answer 62

Homologous chromosomes seperate in anaphase 1 of meosis ONLY

Question 63

What is an issue with taking genes directly from the human genomic library and putting it directly into a bacterial cell?

Answer 63

The genes in the human genomic library contain introns, which cannot be excised by the bacterial cell

Question 64

Why does making cDNA or ssDNA into dsDNA with DNA polymerase 1 require no primer?

Answer 64

the 3’ end of the DNA strand often loops back onto itself, thereby providing a primer for the enzyme.

Question 65

Would Mg2+ strengthen or weaken the structure of DNA

Answer 65

Mg2+ strengthens the structure of DNA

Question 66

N/A

Answer 66

Read the question and answers carefully

Question 67

N/A

Answer 67

If a question seems like arbitrary knowlege, there may be something in the passage to help.

Question 68

N/A

Answer 68

We went over this format during our last session.

Question 69

N/A

Answer 69

Answer is always there

Question 70

N/A

Answer 70

Answer is always there

Question 71

Would a higher propeller angle between two nucleotides reduce or raise the melting point of DNA? Why?

Answer 71

A higher propeller angle between two nucleotides would reduce the melting point because of reduced hydrophobic contact

Question 72

What is immunohistochemistry used for?

Answer 72

Immunohistochemistry is used for providing a detailed and visual report on the protein expression within a tissue.

Question 73

What type of receptor would most likely respond to glutamate?

Answer 73

Excitatory receptors would most likely respond to glutamate

Question 74

Would the coding or noncoding strand be used for a primer when reverse transcriptase is being used?

Answer 74

The coding strand would be used as the primer