Bio Biochem Strategies Flashcards
(136 cards)
1
Q
insulin will do whatever it can to
A
reduce sugar
2
Q
pyruvate and amino acids relationship
A
aa are broken to make pyruvate
3
Q
is NAD or NADPH needed to make a fatty acid
A
NADPH
Acetyl-CoA and NADPH make them with enzymes
4
Q
what end is hydroxyl
A
3’
5
Q
differentiate Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis bases
A
Ar– has OH
BL– can gran H+
Lewis– e- rich
base always becomes more positive after the acid does its thing
6
Q
upregulation
A
make more of something
7
Q
what powers ATP synthase
A
energy, as ATP, NADH, and FADH2
8
Q
what is a metabolite
A
an intermediate
9
Q
what is moving and what is not changing in decouplinng
A
H is moving, ATP is not changing
10
Q
what does glucagon do to glycogen
A
turns it into glucose
11
Q
where do you never debranch from
A
from the reducing ends
12
Q
fast Vm means what for specificity
A
high specificit
13
Q
what direction is spontaneous
A
unidirectional
14
Q
will energy of enzyme transition state be high or low ?
A
higher
15
Q
catalytic turnover formula
A
Vmax/Km = Kcat
16
Q
1,6 vs 1,4 glycosidic bonds
A
1,6– branched
1,4– linear
17
Q
GLUT-2 vs GLUT-4
A
2– liver (storage), B-cells (sensor), up Km
4– adipose tissue and muscle, stimulated by insulin + skeletal muscle; down Km
18
Q
what peptide hormone upregulates glycogen synthesis
A
insulin
19
Q
what peptide hormone inhibits gluconeogenesis
A
insulin
20
Q
what peptide hormone promotes lipid storage
A
insulin
21
Q
what peptide hormone inhibits proteolysis
A
insulin
22
Q
glycogen
A
stored form of glucose that is broken down into glucose when the body is hungry
23
Q
relationship between citrate and glycolysis
A
regulator of phosphofructokinase-1, which catalyzes the rate limiting step of glycolysis
24
Q
Can I Keep Selling Sex For Money Officer
A
citrate
isocitrate
a-ketoglutarate
succinyl CoA
succinate
fumarate
malate
oxaloacetate
25
Good Guys Favor Boobs, Good Guys Prefer Pretty Pink Pussy
Glucose
Glucose 6-Phosphate
Fructose 6-Phosphate
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
1,3-Bisphosphoglyerate
3-Phosphoglycerate
2-Phosphoglycerate
PEP
Pyruvate
26
Glycolysis formula
Glucose + 2NAD + 2ADP + 2P -> 2Pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H
27
2 main enzymes to make glycogen
glycogen synthase and branching enzyme
28
what peptide hormone inhibits fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase
insulin
29
products of the PPP
NADPH and sugars (ribose-5-phosphate)
30
when is AMP-activated protein kinase
when energy in body is low
31
how does the reduction potential through the ETC progress
gets more positive
32
steric constraints in aa is related to:
size, bigger size = more constraints
This can overcome the structure of proline issue if its much bigger
33
which amino acids can act as nucleophiles
if they have a thiol (-SH) or hydroxyl (-OH) group.
34
which aa has a thiol group
cysteine
35
what are the types of electrostatic interactions
ionic bonding and hydrogen bonding
36
what type of interaction is salt bridge
electrostatic
37
how is peptide bond rotation?
restricted
38
which are the alkyl side chains? and which is not branched?
AVLIP
P
39
bicarbonate buffer equation
CO2 + H2O <-> H2CO3 <-> H + HCO3
40
does blood pH depend on O2 or CO2 ?
CO2
41
Gram (-) color and thickness
pink, and thin
women love pink, they're always negative, and thin skinned.
42
Gram (+) color and thickness
purple and thick
Barney because he's a thicc (thick wall) purple (color seen) dinosaur and was positive all the time.
43
how does increased CO2 affect blood pH
reacts with water to make H2CO3, which dissociates to form H+ and HCO3-
thus, increasing H+ concentration which lowers pH
44
response to low blood pH
increased breathing to exhale more CO2
45
hemodialysis
net fluid flow into the capillaries
46
endothelial cells
the cells in the simple epithelium
47
does the endothelium contract with the smooth muscle in vessels?
no
48
what gas particle sizes does heme have more affinity to
small.
why CO binds better than CO2
why when acidic, which makes H+ bind, O2 doesnt bind as well
49
ductus arteriosus and venosus =
fetal breathing
50
do veins or arteries have valves ? why ?
veins do, cause they prevent backflow of blood carried to the heart
51
what curve shape is cooperative binding, subunits, and example
sigmoidal, multiple, hemoglobin
an enzyme would be hyperbolic
52
albumin involved in what ?
osmoregulation, pH buffer, transport materials in blood
53
what cells is myoglobin in ? and how many subunits does it have ?
skeletal; 1
54
erythropoietin
a peptide hormone released by the kidney to tell the bone marrow to make more blood cells when there is low O2
55
do veins or arteries have valves
veins
56
what do ADH and Aldosterone increase the reabsorption of ?
water; salt
57
which type of vessel has the largest area, and how does this impact velocity
capillaries, blood moves slow
58
where and how many Na+ and K+ ions are transferred by Na+/K+ ATPase
3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in
(3 symbols in Na+ and o u t )
59
do reflexes require the brain ?
no, they are unconscious
60
FLAT PEG
what is released by the anterior pituitary:
- FSH
- LH
- ACTH
- TSH
- prolactin
- GH
61
bone resorption means
break down of bones, done by PTH
62
can self-antigens be in unhealthy cells
no
63
what do cytotoxic T cells need to work ?
signals from other immune cells
64
microvilli =
increased surface area
65
hepatic
liver
66
what vitamins are water soluble
B and C, all others are fat-soluble (stay in lipids)
67
path of proteins on ribosomes in the RER to the membrane
RER -> golgi -> vesicles -> membrane
68
how do filaments help address force
they (keratins for ex) help resist mechanical force
69
where do non-disjunction errors occur-- P M A T
anaphase
70
think natural selection only before what age
reproductive age,
cause if the person shows problems after reproducing, they're adding to the population. but if its before reproducing, they cant pass it on
70
endoderm
breathe and digest
(BED)
71
mesoderm
musculoskeletal
circulatory
reproductive
urinary
(MaCURh)
72
ectoderm
nervous
integumentary
nose, mouth, anus
ecto is a weird word like bugs
73
histone charge
positive / alkaline
74
positive control mechanism
the presence of the recipient will increase binding
75
what do operons do
one promoter and operator control many genes at the same time
76
does RAAS lead to vasoconstriction or dialation
vasoconstriction
77
how does the hypothalamus respond to low thyroid levels or high temperature
secretes TRH
78
Competitive plot
two light sabers crossing, cause they competitive
79
Uncompetitive plot
same line shifts Up
(u for up and uncompetitive)
80
Noncompetitive plot
Non-km-petitive
(Km does not move, so the x-axis is the same)
81
competitive binding site
COMPETES with the substrate for the active site,
so, binds at the active site
82
Uncompetitive binding site
ONLY binds to the ES- complex
(UNO)competitive
83
Non-competitive binding site
binds to active site and ES-compex equally
(no preference)
84
Competitive effects on Km
Km-petitive, so, Km increases
(the only one where Km increases)
85
Uncompetitive effects on Km
UN (kmpetitive)
so, Km decreases
86
Noncompetitive effects on Km
NON
Km does NOT move
87
pKa of carboxyl group vs amino group
2 vs 9
88
zwitterion when
it is about 7 or in between the pKas of the carboxyl and amino group
89
what is protenated and deprotenated in the zwitterionic form
COO- (carboxyl deprotenated)
NH3+ (amino group protenated)
90
under what conditions does the liver produce ketone bodies ?
glucose-poor (fasting) conditions
91
how many NAD+ per pyruvate
2
92
michael-menton equation
Vo = Vmax ( S / Km+S )
93
do catalysts affect Gibbs free energy ? Why ?
No, because gibbs is only dependent on the identities of the products and reactants
94
what type of bonding occurs in phosphorylation and glycolysation ?
covalent bonding between amino acid residues and other chemical groups
95
action potentials only occur in
channels and pumps
96
how do antagonists work ?
they bind instead of the agonist, and go inside to stop the reaction that the agonist would have had
97
Is GC or TA content more stable ? and why ?
GC, because they are triple bonded
98
spleen functions
immune and blood
99
when are disulfide bonds distrupted in SDS-PAGE
reducing conditions
100
Net Yield of Glycolysis
2ATP 2NADH 2pyruvate
(rule of 2s)
101
rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis
phosphofructokinase-1
fructose-6p -> fructose 1,6 bisphosphate
ATP -> ADP
102
3 irreversible steps of glycolysis
1. hexokinase / glucokinase
2. phosphofructokinase
3. pyruvate kinase
103
where does glcolysis occur
cytosol
104
rate limiting enzyme of krebs
isocitrate dehydrogenase
isocitrate -> a-ketoglutarate
NAD+ -> NADH
CO2
105
rate limiting enzyme of gluconeogenesis
fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase
106
rate limiting enzyme of glycogenesis
glycogen synthase
107
rate limiting enzyme of glycogenolysis
glycogen phosphorylase
108
rate limiting enzyme of PPP
glucose 6P-dehydrogenase
NADP+ -> NADPH
109
top and bottom of SDS Page
top-- larger
bottom-- smaller
110
top and bottom of Native Page
top-- larger and (-)
bottom-- smaller and (+)
111
top of thin layer (normal)
top-- non-polar
112
what elutes first in column chromatography
the stuff you dont want
112
what elutes first in size exclusion chromatography
most volatile (low BP, less polar) elute first
113
what amino acids are glucogenic
all but lysine and leucine
114
E = hc(lambda)f
E = (hc) / lambda = h(lambda) = c(lambda)
115
FLAT PEG
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
luteinizing hormone (LH)
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
prolactin
endorphins
growth hormone (GH).
116
How many H+ per ATP NADH and FADH2
4, 10, 6
117
Vm and specificity relationship
direct
118
catalytic efficiency
Kcat / Km
119
catalytic turnover
Kcat = Vmax / Km
120
how to dimerize
disulfide bond addition
121
Arrhenius base
has OH
122
Bronsted-Lowry base
can grab H+
123
Lewis base
has lone pairs and is electron rich
124
upregulate
downregulate
make more of something
make less of something
125
what does acid in water do to reach an equilibrium
will give a (+) at a pH of 7
126
do arteries have more O2 or CO2
more O2, except for the pulmonary
arteries carry blood away from the heart to body
127
more protons per electrons makes it tighter or looser ?
tighter
so, a positive metal will be smaller than a neutral one
e- is freedom, p+ is control
128
enantiomer
flipped
129
diastereomer
multiple stereocenters, with some flipped
130
are monosaccharies diatereomers?
yes-- glucose, lactose, mannose
131
parts of a flagellum
basal body, hook , filament
132
where and in what conditions does glycolysis happen
bacteria, eukaryotes, aerobic, or anaerobic
133
where do Krebs and ETC happen and in what O2 conditions
mitochondria, and need O2
134
