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MCAT Notes > Bio Biochem Strategies > Flashcards

Bio Biochem Strategies Flashcards

1
Q

insulin will do whatever it can to

A

reduce sugar

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2
Q

pyruvate and amino acids relationship

A

aa are broken to make pyruvate

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3
Q

is NAD or NADPH needed to make a fatty acid

A

NADPH

Acetyl-CoA and NADPH make them with enzymes

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4
Q

what end is hydroxyl

A

3’

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5
Q

differentiate Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis bases

A

Ar– has OH
BL– can gran H+
Lewis– e- rich

base always becomes more positive after the acid does its thing

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6
Q

upregulation

A

make more of something

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7
Q

what powers ATP synthase

A

energy, as ATP, NADH, and FADH2

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8
Q

what is a metabolite

A

an intermediate

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9
Q

what is moving and what is not changing in decouplinng

A

H is moving, ATP is not changing

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10
Q

what does glucagon do to glycogen

A

turns it into glucose

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11
Q

where do you never debranch from

A

from the reducing ends

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12
Q

fast Vm means what for specificity

A

high specificit

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13
Q

what direction is spontaneous

A

unidirectional

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14
Q

will energy of enzyme transition state be high or low ?

A

higher

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15
Q

catalytic turnover formula

A

Vmax/Km = Kcat

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16
Q

1,6 vs 1,4 glycosidic bonds

A

1,6– branched
1,4– linear

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17
Q

GLUT-2 vs GLUT-4

A

2– liver (storage), B-cells (sensor), up Km
4– adipose tissue and muscle, stimulated by insulin + skeletal muscle; down Km

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18
Q

what peptide hormone upregulates glycogen synthesis

A

insulin

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19
Q

what peptide hormone inhibits gluconeogenesis

A

insulin

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20
Q

what peptide hormone promotes lipid storage

A

insulin

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21
Q

what peptide hormone inhibits proteolysis

A

insulin

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22
Q

glycogen

A

stored form of glucose that is broken down into glucose when the body is hungry

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23
Q

relationship between citrate and glycolysis

A

regulator of phosphofructokinase-1, which catalyzes the rate limiting step of glycolysis

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24
Q

Can I Keep Selling Sex For Money Officer

A

citrate
isocitrate
a-ketoglutarate
succinyl CoA
succinate
fumarate
malate
oxaloacetate

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25
Q

Good Guys Favor Boobs, Good Guys Prefer Pretty Pink Pussy

A

Glucose
Glucose 6-Phosphate
Fructose 6-Phosphate
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
1,3-Bisphosphoglyerate
3-Phosphoglycerate
2-Phosphoglycerate
PEP
Pyruvate

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26
Q

Glycolysis formula

A

Glucose + 2NAD + 2ADP + 2P -> 2Pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H

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27
Q

2 main enzymes to make glycogen

A

glycogen synthase and branching enzyme

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28
Q

what peptide hormone inhibits fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase

A

insulin

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29
Q

products of the PPP

A

NADPH and sugars (ribose-5-phosphate)

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30
Q

when is AMP-activated protein kinase

A

when energy in body is low

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31
Q

how does the reduction potential through the ETC progress

A

gets more positive

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32
Q

steric constraints in aa is related to:

A

size, bigger size = more constraints

This can overcome the structure of proline issue if its much bigger

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33
Q

which amino acids can act as nucleophiles

A

if they have a thiol (-SH) or hydroxyl (-OH) group.

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34
Q

which aa has a thiol group

A

cysteine

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35
Q

what are the types of electrostatic interactions

A

ionic bonding and hydrogen bonding

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36
Q

what type of interaction is salt bridge

A

electrostatic

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37
Q

how is peptide bond rotation?

A

restricted

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38
Q

which are the alkyl side chains? and which is not branched?

A

AVLIP

P

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39
Q

bicarbonate buffer equation

A

CO2 + H2O <-> H2CO3 <-> H + HCO3

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40
Q

does blood pH depend on O2 or CO2 ?

A

CO2

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41
Q

Gram (-) color and thickness

A

pink, and thin

women love pink, they’re always negative, and thin skinned.

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42
Q

Gram (+) color and thickness

A

purple and thick

Barney because he’s a thicc (thick wall) purple (color seen) dinosaur and was positive all the time.

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43
Q

how does increased CO2 affect blood pH

A

reacts with water to make H2CO3, which dissociates to form H+ and HCO3-

thus, increasing H+ concentration which lowers pH

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44
Q

response to low blood pH

A

increased breathing to exhale more CO2

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45
Q

hemodialysis

A

net fluid flow into the capillaries

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46
Q

endothelial cells

A

the cells in the simple epithelium

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47
Q

does the endothelium contract with the smooth muscle in vessels?

A

no

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48
Q

what gas particle sizes does heme have more affinity to

A

small.

why CO binds better than CO2
why when acidic, which makes H+ bind, O2 doesnt bind as well

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49
Q

ductus arteriosus and venosus =

A

fetal breathing

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50
Q

do veins or arteries have valves ? why ?

A

veins do, cause they prevent backflow of blood carried to the heart

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51
Q

what curve shape is cooperative binding, subunits, and example

A

sigmoidal, multiple, hemoglobin

an enzyme would be hyperbolic

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52
Q

albumin involved in what ?

A

osmoregulation, pH buffer, transport materials in blood

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53
Q

what cells is myoglobin in ? and how many subunits does it have ?

A

skeletal; 1

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54
Q

erythropoietin

A

a peptide hormone released by the kidney to tell the bone marrow to make more blood cells when there is low O2

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55
Q

do veins or arteries have valves

A

veins

56
Q

what do ADH and Aldosterone increase the reabsorption of ?

A

water; salt

57
Q

which type of vessel has the largest area, and how does this impact velocity

A

capillaries, blood moves slow

58
Q

where and how many Na+ and K+ ions are transferred by Na+/K+ ATPase

A

3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in

(3 symbols in Na+ and o u t )

59
Q

do reflexes require the brain ?

A

no, they are unconscious

60
Q

FLAT PEG

A

what is released by the anterior pituitary:

  • FSH
  • LH
  • ACTH
  • TSH
  • prolactin
  • GH
61
Q

bone resorption means

A

break down of bones, done by PTH

62
Q

can self-antigens be in unhealthy cells

A

no

63
Q

what do cytotoxic T cells need to work ?

A

signals from other immune cells

64
Q

microvilli =

A

increased surface area

65
Q

hepatic

A

liver

66
Q

what vitamins are water soluble

A

B and C, all others are fat-soluble (stay in lipids)

67
Q

path of proteins on ribosomes in the RER to the membrane

A

RER -> golgi -> vesicles -> membrane

68
Q

how do filaments help address force

A

they (keratins for ex) help resist mechanical force

69
Q

where do non-disjunction errors occur– P M A T

A

anaphase

70
Q

think natural selection only before what age

A

reproductive age,

cause if the person shows problems after reproducing, they’re adding to the population. but if its before reproducing, they cant pass it on

70
Q

endoderm

A

breathe and digest

(BED)

71
Q

mesoderm

A

musculoskeletal
circulatory
reproductive
urinary

(MaCURh)

72
Q

ectoderm

A

nervous
integumentary
nose, mouth, anus

ecto is a weird word like bugs

73
Q

histone charge

A

positive / alkaline

74
Q

positive control mechanism

A

the presence of the recipient will increase binding

75
Q

what do operons do

A

one promoter and operator control many genes at the same time

76
Q

does RAAS lead to vasoconstriction or dialation

A

vasoconstriction

77
Q

how does the hypothalamus respond to low thyroid levels or high temperature

A

secretes TRH

78
Q

Competitive plot

A

two light sabers crossing, cause they competitive

79
Q

Uncompetitive plot

A

same line shifts Up

(u for up and uncompetitive)

80
Q

Noncompetitive plot

A

Non-km-petitive

(Km does not move, so the x-axis is the same)

81
Q

competitive binding site

A

COMPETES with the substrate for the active site,

so, binds at the active site

82
Q

Uncompetitive binding site

A

ONLY binds to the ES- complex

(UNO)competitive

83
Q

Non-competitive binding site

A

binds to active site and ES-compex equally

(no preference)

84
Q

Competitive effects on Km

A

Km-petitive, so, Km increases

(the only one where Km increases)

85
Q

Uncompetitive effects on Km

A

UN (kmpetitive)

so, Km decreases

86
Q

Noncompetitive effects on Km

A

NON

Km does NOT move

87
Q

pKa of carboxyl group vs amino group

A

2 vs 9

88
Q

zwitterion when

A

it is about 7 or in between the pKas of the carboxyl and amino group

89
Q

what is protenated and deprotenated in the zwitterionic form

A

COO- (carboxyl deprotenated)
NH3+ (amino group protenated)

90
Q

under what conditions does the liver produce ketone bodies ?

A

glucose-poor (fasting) conditions

91
Q

how many NAD+ per pyruvate

A

2

92
Q

michael-menton equation

A

Vo = Vmax ( S / Km+S )

93
Q

do catalysts affect Gibbs free energy ? Why ?

A

No, because gibbs is only dependent on the identities of the products and reactants

94
Q

what type of bonding occurs in phosphorylation and glycolysation ?

A

covalent bonding between amino acid residues and other chemical groups

95
Q

action potentials only occur in

A

channels and pumps

96
Q

how do antagonists work ?

A

they bind instead of the agonist, and go inside to stop the reaction that the agonist would have had

97
Q

Is GC or TA content more stable ? and why ?

A

GC, because they are triple bonded

98
Q

spleen functions

A

immune and blood

99
Q

when are disulfide bonds distrupted in SDS-PAGE

A

reducing conditions

100
Q

Net Yield of Glycolysis

A

2ATP 2NADH 2pyruvate

(rule of 2s)

101
Q

rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis

A

phosphofructokinase-1

fructose-6p -> fructose 1,6 bisphosphate

ATP -> ADP

102
Q

3 irreversible steps of glycolysis

A
  1. hexokinase / glucokinase
  2. phosphofructokinase
  3. pyruvate kinase
103
Q

where does glcolysis occur

A

cytosol

104
Q

rate limiting enzyme of krebs

A

isocitrate dehydrogenase

isocitrate -> a-ketoglutarate

NAD+ -> NADH
CO2

105
Q

rate limiting enzyme of gluconeogenesis

A

fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase

106
Q

rate limiting enzyme of glycogenesis

A

glycogen synthase

107
Q

rate limiting enzyme of glycogenolysis

A

glycogen phosphorylase

108
Q

rate limiting enzyme of PPP

A

glucose 6P-dehydrogenase

NADP+ -> NADPH

109
Q

top and bottom of SDS Page

A

top– larger
bottom– smaller

110
Q

top and bottom of Native Page

A

top– larger and (-)
bottom– smaller and (+)

111
Q

top of thin layer (normal)

A

top– non-polar

112
Q

what elutes first in column chromatography

A

the stuff you dont want

112
Q

what elutes first in size exclusion chromatography

A

most volatile (low BP, less polar) elute first

113
Q

what amino acids are glucogenic

A

all but lysine and leucine

114
Q

E = hc(lambda)f

A

E = (hc) / lambda = h(lambda) = c(lambda)

115
Q

FLAT PEG

A

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
luteinizing hormone (LH)
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

prolactin
endorphins
growth hormone (GH).

116
Q

How many H+ per ATP NADH and FADH2

A

4, 10, 6

117
Q

Vm and specificity relationship

A

direct

118
Q

catalytic efficiency

A

Kcat / Km

119
Q

catalytic turnover

A

Kcat = Vmax / Km

120
Q

how to dimerize

A

disulfide bond addition

121
Q

Arrhenius base

A

has OH

122
Q

Bronsted-Lowry base

A

can grab H+

123
Q

Lewis base

A

has lone pairs and is electron rich

124
Q

upregulate

downregulate

A

make more of something

make less of something

125
Q

what does acid in water do to reach an equilibrium

A

will give a (+) at a pH of 7

126
Q

do arteries have more O2 or CO2

A

more O2, except for the pulmonary

arteries carry blood away from the heart to body

127
Q

more protons per electrons makes it tighter or looser ?

A

tighter

so, a positive metal will be smaller than a neutral one

e- is freedom, p+ is control

128
Q

enantiomer

A

flipped

129
Q

diastereomer

A

multiple stereocenters, with some flipped

130
Q

are monosaccharies diatereomers?

A

yes– glucose, lactose, mannose

131
Q

parts of a flagellum

A

basal body, hook , filament

132
Q

where and in what conditions does glycolysis happen

A

bacteria, eukaryotes, aerobic, or anaerobic

133
Q

where do Krebs and ETC happen and in what O2 conditions

A

mitochondria, and need O2

134
Q
A

MCAT Notes (9 decks)

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