Bio: Cells

Question 1

cell

Answer 1

organizational unit of life

Question 2

cell membrane

Answer 2

keeps the cell together, made of lipids

Question 3

passive transport

Answer 3

substances move down concentration gradient, requires no extra energy

Question 4

active transport

Answer 4

substances are moved against the concentration gradient, requires ATP

Question 5

diffusion

Answer 5

solute moves from an area of high concentration to low concentration

Question 6

osmosis

Answer 6

transportation of H2O across concentration gradient

Question 7

hypertonic

Answer 7

greater amount of solute surrounding the cell, water rushes out

Question 8

hypotonic

Answer 8

less solutes outside cell, cell pulls water in

Question 9

isotonic

Answer 9

balanced amount of solute in and out of the cell

Question 10

filtration

Answer 10

pressure forces water and its solutes through a membrane

Question 11

facilitated diffusion

Answer 11

carrier meditated, a variation of diffusion where protein channels assist with transport (highly specific)

Question 12

endocytosis

Answer 12

intake of liquid and solid particles too large to cross the cell membrane

Question 13

exocytosis

Answer 13

transport out of the cell

Question 14

cytoplasm

Answer 14

gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell

Question 15

nucleus

Answer 15

contains chromosomes, surrounded by double walled nuclear membrane

Question 16

nucleolus

Answer 16

produces ribosomes, found inside nucleus

Question 17

DNA

Answer 17

double stranded–carrier of genetic information

Question 18

RNA

Answer 18

single stranded–carrier of genetic information

Question 19

mRNA

Answer 19

responsible for protein synthesis

Question 20

endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 20

series of channels from folded membranes

Question 21

rough ER

Answer 21

responsible for synthesis of protein, lined with ribosomes

Question 22

smooth ER

Answer 22

produces lipids and steroids

Question 23

ribosomes

Answer 23

produce enzymes and proteins, made of RNA

Question 24

centrosomes

Answer 24

contain centrioles

Question 25

centrioles

Answer 25

creates spindles for cell division

Question 26

mitochondria

Answer 26

producer of ATP

Question 27

aerobic respiration

Answer 27

catabolism of nutrients to CO2, water, and energy, involves electron transport system

Question 28

glycolysis

Answer 28

breakdown of glucose molecule, occurs in the cytoplasm, doesn't require oxygen

Question 29

Krebs cycle

Answer 29

completes oxidation of glucose, takes place in mitochondria

Question 30

anaerobic respiration

Answer 30

breakdown sugars and produce energy, without oxygen, occurs in cytoplasm

Question 31

golgi apparatus

Answer 31

prepare and transport proteins

Question 32

lysosomes

Answer 32

cleans waste and debris from cells

Question 33

transcription

Answer 33

information moved from DNA to mRNA

Question 34

translation

Answer 34

mRNA is read to produce proteins, occurs in ribosomes

Question 35

How many chromosomes do humans have?

Answer 35

23 pairs, or 46 total

Question 36

What is the only form of maternal DNA?

Answer 36

mitochondrial

Question 37

female sex chromosome

Answer 37

XX

Question 38

male sex chromosome

Answer 38

XY

Question 39

centromere

Answer 39

helps to keep the chromosome properly aligned

Question 40

telomeres

Answer 40

repetitive stretches of DNA located at the ends of chromosomes

Question 41

mitosis

Answer 41

process of sorting chromosomes

Question 42

G1 Phase

Answer 42

cell growth

Question 43

S Phase

Answer 43

cell replicates its genetic material

Question 44

G2 Phase

Answer 44

cell checks duplicated chromosomes

Question 45

prophase

Answer 45

- nucleus disappears - chromosomes now visible - spindle fibers start to form - centrosomes move towards opposite ends of the cell

Question 46

metaphase

Answer 46

chromosomes line up at center of cell

Question 47

anaphase

Answer 47

chromosomes are split and pulled apart by spindle fibers (shortest stage of mitosis)

Question 48

telophase

Answer 48

- chromosomes are at far ends of the cell - spindle fibers disappear - nuclei reappear - formation of 2 daughter nuclei

Question 49

cytokenesis

Answer 49

division of cytoplasm

Question 50

G1/S Checkpoint

Answer 50

cell size, nutrition, DNA damage

Question 51

G2/M Checkpoint

Answer 51

improper replication or damage

Question 52

metaphase/anaphase checkpoint

Answer 52

attachment of mitotic spindle to all chromosomes

Question 53

labile cells

Answer 53

constantly proliferating: skin cells, gastrointestinal, salivary gland tissue

Question 54

stable/quiescent cells

Answer 54

typically in non-dividing state: lymphocytes, hepatocytes

Question 55

permanent cells

Answer 55

unable to proliferate: cardiac and skeletal muscle

Question 56

eukaryote

Answer 56

cell has nucleus

Question 57

chromatin

Answer 57

thin-like, composes chromosomes

Question 58

What is the structure of the phospholipid layer?

Answer 58

hydrophilic (polar) head with a hydrophobic (fatty acid chains) tails

Question 59

What is the order of mitosis?

Answer 59

prophase, anaphase, metaphase, telophase

Question 59

is interphase part of mitosis?

Answer 59

NO

Question 59

Do cells spend more time in interphase or mitosis?

Answer 59

Interphase

Question 59

What is the product of meiosis?

Answer 59

4 genetically different daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes

Question 59

Diploid

Answer 59

46 chromosomes

Question 60

What is the product of mitosis?

Answer 60

two identical daughter cells

Question 60

what is meiosis?

Answer 60

cell division of sex cells (gametes)

Question 60

Haploid

Answer 60

23 chromosomes

Question 61

What can pass through the cell phospholipid bilayer?

Answer 61

SMALL molecules, UNCHARGED molecules, lipid soluble molecules

Question 62

Is diffusion active or passive?

Answer 62

passive

Question 63

Is osmosis active or passive?

Answer 63

passive

Question 64

phagocytosis

Answer 64

process where living cells ingest (eat) other cells

Question 65

pinocytosis

Answer 65

process where living cells uptake fluids