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DAT Review > Bio - Ch. 1 > Flashcards

Bio - Ch. 1 Flashcards

1
Q

[Heterotroph Hypothesis]

What did the first lifeforms lack?

A

ability to synthesize own nutrients

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2
Q

[Heterotroph Hypothesis]

What did the first life forms require

A

preformed molecules

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3
Q

[Heterotroph Hypothesis]

What were heterotrophs?

A

organisms that depend on outside sources for food

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4
Q

[Heterotroph Hypothesis]

The primitive seas contained two types of compounds

A

simple inorganic and organic compounds

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5
Q

[Heterotroph Hypothesis]

  • what forms of energy were present?
A
  • heat
  • electricity
  • solar radiation
  • cosmic rays
  • radioactivity
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6
Q

[Heterotroph Hypothesis]

simple organic molecules

  • 2 examples

nucleotides

  • examples
A
  • sugars, amino acids
  • purines, pyrimidines
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7
Q

[Heterotroph Hypothesis]

  • what did the simple organic molecules and nucleotides dissolve in?
  • What did this create a supply of?
A
  • The primordial soup
  • a supply of macromolecules
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8
Q

[Stanley Miller Experiment]

What did it demonstrate?

A

application of energy (ultraviolet radiation and heat)

to mixture of simple compounds (methane, hydrogen, ammonia, water)

to create complex organic compounds

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9
Q

[Stanley Miller Experiment]

His apparatus contained

A
  • 4 gases circulate
  • passed electrical discharges
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10
Q

[Stanley Miller Experiment]

  • result of his experiment?
  • examples?
A

a variety of organic compounds

  • urea
  • hydrogen
  • cyanide
  • acetic acid
  • lactic acid
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11
Q

[1st primitive cells]

coacervate droplets

  • how formed
  • what they do
A
  • colloidal protein molecules clump together
  • absorb and incorporate substances from surrounding environment
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12
Q

[1st primitive cells]

stability of coacervate droplets

  • what were most like?
  • there were a few that were different,
  • how so?
  • What did they posess?
  • What did they contain?
A
  • unstable
  • stable
  • possessed favourable characteristics
  • contained nucleic acid polymers
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13
Q

[Development of Autotrophs]

Primitive Heterotrophs

  • how did they evolve into autotrophs?
  • what did it allow?
A
  • evolved anaerobic respiratory processes
  • allowed them to convert nutrients into energy
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14
Q

[Development of Autotrophs]

Anaerobic respiratory processes

  • why needed?
  • what was extracted from it?
  • how is it important to life?
A
  • organisms required nutrients at a faster rate than were being synthesized.
  • They used it to extract energy from the chemical bonds.
  • life would have ceased to exist if it didn’t develop
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15
Q

[Development of Autotrophs]

photosynthesis

  • what does it capture?
  • what is synthesized?
  • what products are used to synthesize it?
A
  • solar energy
  • carbohydrates
  • carbon dioxide, water, and solar energy
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16
Q

[Development of Aerobic respiration]

Primitive autotrophs

  • what did they fix?
  • what did they release?
  • what was produced?
A
  • carbon dioxide
  • oxygen
  • carbohydrates
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17
Q

[Development of Aerobic respiration]

  • What was the effect of the addition of molecular oxygen to atmosphere?
A
  • converted atmosphere from reducing to oxidizing
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18
Q

[Development of Aerobic respiration]

ozone

  • what was its function?
A

blocks high energy radiation

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19
Q

[The 4 basic categories of living organisms]

list all 4

A
  1. autotrophic anaerobes
  2. autotrophic aerobes
  3. heterotrophic anaerobes
  4. heterotrophic aerobes
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20
Q

[Common traits of all living things]

elements

  • which primary
  • which trace
  • where are trace elements found?
A
  • primary =
  • carbon
  • hydrogen
  • oxygen,
  • nitrogen,
  • sulphur,
  • phosphorus
  • trace =
  • magnesium,
  • iodine,
  • iron,
  • calcium
  • found in protoplasm
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21
Q

[Common traits of all living things]

elements and compounds

  • what are the units for each?
  • how are compounds formed?
A
  • elements = atoms
  • compounds = molecules
  • atoms join together by chemical bonds to form molecules
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22
Q

[Common traits of all living things]

  • what is the difference between organic and inorganic compounds?
A
  • organic contains carbon
  • inorganic does not
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23
Q

[carbohydrates]

  • what are they composed of?
  • in what ratio?
A
  • carbon hydrogen and oxygen
  • 1:2:1
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24
Q

[carbohydrates]

  • what are they used as?
A
  • energy storage
  • structural molecules
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25
Q

carbohydrates

  • three types
A
  • monosaccharides
  • disaccharides
  • polysaccharides
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26
Q

[carbohydrates]

monosaccharides

  • what are they?
A
  • single sugar subunits
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27
Q

[carbohydrates]

disaccharide

  • what is it composed of?
  • how do they join together?
  • what does this involve?
A
  • two monosaccharides
  • a dehydration synthesis
  • loss of a water molecule
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28
Q

[carbohydrates] polysaccharides - how formed? - how taken apart?

A
  • removal of water (dehydration) - addition of water molecule (hydrolysis)
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29
Q

[Lipids]

  • What elements are they composed of?
A
  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • Oxygen
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30
Q

[Lipids]

  • What sort of structure does it have?
A
  • three fatty acids bound to a single glycerol backbone
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31
Q

[Lipids]

  • what is needed to form one fat molecule?
A
  • 3 fatty acid molecules attach to a glycerol molecule by dehydration synthesis
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32
Q

[Lipids]

  • the two functions
A
  1. food storage
  2. insulation / protection
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33
Q

[Lipid Derivatives]

  • There are 5
A
  • Phospholipids
  • Waxes
  • Steroids
  • Carotenoids
  • Porphyrins
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34
Q

[Lipid Derivative Images]

1

  • What is this?
  • Why?
A
  • its a phospholipid
  • because it contains:
  • glycerol
  • two fatty acids
  • a phosphate group
  • a nitrogen
35
Q

[Lipid Derivative Images]

2

  • What is this?
  • Why? (2 reasons, elaborate on both)
A
  • its a Wax
  • because it contains:
  • esters of fatty acids
    • refer to answer sheet for structure
  • a monohydroxylic alcohol
    • an alcohol containing only 1 -OH functional group
36
Q

[Lipid Derivative Image]

3

  • what is this?
  • why?
A
  • it’s a steroid
  • because there are:
  • 3 fused cyclohexane rings
  • 1 cyclopentane ring
37
Q

[Lipid Derivative Image]

4

  • What is this?
  • why?
A
  • A carotenoid
  • because it has
  • a fatty acid-like carbon chain
  • conjugated double bonds
  • 6 membered carbon rings on either end
38
Q

[Lipid Derivative Image]

5

  • What is it?
  • Why?
A
  • a Porphyrin
  • because it has
  • 4 joined pyrrole rings
  • it’s complexed with a metal
39
Q

[Lipid Derivatives]

  • What do carotenoids produce?
A
  • pigments in plants and animals
  • red
  • yellow
  • orange
  • brown
40
Q

[Lipid Derivative]

Waxes

  • what do they do?
A
  • they are protective coatings on:
  • skin
  • fur
  • leaves
  • exoskeleton of many insects
41
Q

[Basic Protein Structure]

  • primary elements proteins are composed of
A
  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • Oxygen
  • Nitrogen
  • Sulphur
  • Phosphorus
42
Q

[Basic Protein Structure]

Proteins are polymersof amino acids

  • how do they connect together?
  • what is created once the amino acids are connected together?
A
  • by peptide bonds through dehydration synthesis reactions
  • creates polypeptides
43
Q

[Basic Protein Structure]

  • in the yellow area, show how a peptide bond forms
  • show the two groups it’s formed from
  • show where the peptide bond is
  • show the by-product created from the bonding process
A

refer to booklet

44
Q

[Basic Protein Structure]

The two structures

  • what is the primary structure
  • what is the secondary structure
  • two forms
A

primary = the sequence (order) of amino acids in the polypeptide

secondary = how the protein folds

  • α-helices (coil)
  • β-pleated sheets (fold)
45
Q

[Protein Classification]

  • how are they classified?
A
  • on the basis of their structure
46
Q

[Protein Classification]

Simple proteins

  • what are they composed of?
A
  • entirely of amino acids
47
Q

[Protein Classification]

Albmins and Globulins

  • function?
  • location?
A
  • act as enzymes / carriers
  • found in serum
48
Q

[Protein Classification]

Scleroproteins

  • physical characteristic
  • function
  • give and example of one
A
  • fibrous
  • a structural protein
  • collagen
49
Q

[Protein Classification]

Conjugated Proteins

  • what do they contain? (2 things)
A
  • a protein portion + at least one non-protein fraction
50
Q

[Protein Classification]

Lipoproteins

  • what are they bound to?
A
  • a lipid
51
Q

[Protein Classification]

Mucoproteins

  • What are they bound to?
A
  • a carbohydrate
52
Q

[Protein Classification]

Chromoproteins

  • what bound to?
A
  • pigmented molecules
53
Q

[Protein Classification]

Metalloproteins

  • how can we identify it?
A
  • it’s complexed around a metal ion
54
Q

[Protein Classification]

Nucleoprotiens

  • what is it bound to?
  • there are two types
A
  • a nuceic acid
  • DNA or RNA
55
Q

[Protein Functions]

Hormones

  • function
A
  • they are chemical messengers secreted into the blood stream
56
Q

[Protein Functions]

Enzymes

  • what are they?
  • what do they do?
A
  • biological catalysts
  • increase rate of chemical reactions important for biological functions
57
Q

[Protein Functions]

Structural Proteins

  • What do they contribute to in tissues and cells?
A
  • physical support
58
Q

[Protein Functions]

Transport Proteins

  • what do they do?
  • give an example using hemoglobin and cytocrhomes
A
  • carry important materials
  • hemoglobin carries oxygen
  • cytochromes carry electrons
59
Q

[Protein Functions]

Antibodies

  • why do they bind to foreign particles?
A
  • to protect body against potential pathogens
60
Q

[Enzyme Basics & Why they are Crucial]

  • What is a catlyst?
A
  • any substance that affects the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed
61
Q

[Enzyme Basics & Why they are Crucial]

  • Why are they important?
A
  • all living things must have a continuous controlled activity
62
Q

[Enzyme Basics & Why they are Crucial]

  • what makes some enzymes conjugated proteins?
  • how do these proteins function?
A
  • they have a non-protein co-enzyme
  • they need both the protein and non-protein to be present to function
63
Q

[Enzyme Binding & Two Theories of Binding]

  • how selective are enzymes?
  • elaborate
A
  • very selective
  • may catalyze only one reaction or specific class of reations
64
Q

[Enzyme Binding & Two Theories of Binding]

  • What is the substrate?
A
  • The molecule upon which an enzyme acts
65
Q

[Enzyme Binding & Two Theories of Binding]

  • What is the active site?
A
  • area on the enzyme that the substrate binds to
66
Q

[Enzyme Binding & Two Theories of Binding]

  • Discuss the two theories
  • name
  • how it’s thought to work
  • how credible it is
A
  1. The Lock and Key Theory
  • the substrate and active site fit together perfectly
  • theory = largely discounted
  1. Induced Fit Theory
  • active site = flexible
    • molds itself to the shape of the substrate
  • largely accepted
67
Q

[Enzyme Reversability]

  • How reversable is it?
  • how does it happen?
A
  • reaction = reversible
  • the product synthesized can be decomposed by the same enzyme
68
Q

  • What are the three environmental factors that affect enzyme action and reaction rate?
A
  • Temperature
  • pH
  • Concentration of Substrate to Active Site
69
Q

[The 3 Environmental Factors that affect Enzyme Action & Reaction Rate]

Temperature

  • What happens as temperature Increases?
  • What is the optimal temperature?
  • What happens when you move past the optimal temperature?
A
  • increase in rate of enzyme action
  • around 40 C
  • beyond optimal temp heat will:
  • alter shape of active site
  • deactivate enzyme
    • cause a rapid drop in reaction rate
70
Q

[The 3 Environmental Factors that affect Enzyme Action & Reaction Rate]

pH

  • what is optimal in humans for maximum rate of enzyme activity?
  • there are two exceptions
    • name the two enzymes
    • what pH does each work best at?
    • Where is each found?
A
  • optimal = 7.2

Exceptions

  1. Pepsin
  • pH 2 = acidic
  • Stomach
  1. Pancreatic Enzyme
  • pH 8.5 = alkaline
  • Small Intestines
71
Q

[The 3 Environmental Factors that affect Enzyme Action & Reaction Rate]

Concentration of Substrate & Enzyme

  • Enzyme activity in low concentration
  • Enzyme activity in high concentration
  • what happens when concentration of substrate saturates all active sites?
A
  • active site = unoccupied
  • reaction rate = low
  • increase in active site occupancy = higher reaction rate
  • once active sites = saturated
    • increase in substrate has no effect
    • rate of reaction plateaus
72
Q

What are the two basic types of reactions that occur in Enzyme Activity?

A
  1. Hydrolysis
  2. Synthesis
73
Q

[The Two Basic Reaction Types in Enzyme Activity]

Hydrolysis

  • What is its function?
  • What does each example do?
  • Lipase
  • Protease
  • Lactose
A
  • digests large molecules into smaller components

Lipase

  • breaks down lipids into:
    • fatty acids
    • glycerol

Protease

  • degrades proteins into amino acids

Lactose

  • hydrolyzes lactose into two monosaccharides
    • glucose
    • galactose
74
Q

[The Two Basic Reaction Types in Enzyme Activity]

Synthesis

  • Why is it required?
  • How is it important to survival?
  • What enzymes catalyze it?
A
  • required for:
  • growth
  • repair
  • regulation
  • protection
  • production of food reserves
  • importance to survival
  • allows body to build substances it cannot synthesize on its own
    • does this from materials ingested
  • Synthesis = catalyzed by same enzymes responsible for hydolysis
  • the direction of reaction = reversed
75
Q

[Cofactors]

  • What are they?
A
  • non-protein molecules required by some enzymes to become active
76
Q

[Cofactors]

  • 2 Types
A
  1. Metal cations

Like:

  • Zn2+
  • Fe2+
  1. Small Organic groups
    * Like Coenzymes
77
Q

[Cofactors]

  • How are they obtained?
A
  • from a diet of vitamins
78
Q

[Cofactors]

Prosthetic groups

  • what are they?
  • Example found in blood
A
  • cofactors that bind to the enzyme by strong covalent bonds
  • example = heme group in hemoglobin
79
Q

[Nucleic Acids]

  • What elements are contained within?
A
  • Elements
  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • Oxygen
  • Nitrogen
  • Phosphorus
80
Q

[Nucleic Acids]

  • What are they made up of?
A
  • polymers of subunits called nucleotides
81
Q

[Nucleic Acids]

  • Why do the nucelic acids (DNA and RNA) code info? (2 reasons)
A
  1. produce proteins
  2. replicate
82
Q

[Cell Theory & Importance of Cell to Biology]

  • how is cell important to life and biology?
A
  • fundamental unit of life
  • all biological functions occur within or between cells
83
Q

[Cell Theory & Importance of Cell to Biology]

  • Cell Discovery
  • when
  • how
A
  • 17th century
  • using a microscope
84
Q

[Cell Theory & Importance of Cell to Biology]

  • The 5 rules of cell theory
A

Cell Theory

  1. All living things = composed of cells
  2. cells = basic unit of life
  3. cells only arise from pre-existing cells
  4. cells carry genetic info
  • in from of DNA
  • passed from parent cell to daughter cell
    • during cell division
  1. Energy flow (metabolism & biochem) occurs within cells

DAT Review (2 decks)

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