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Biology > Bio Ch 6-7 > Flashcards

Bio Ch 6-7 Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

Central Dogma

A

DNA-> RNA-> Protein
- How Genes get Expressed
1st Transcription- info turned into mRNA(messenger RNA)
2nd Translation- amino acids, ribosomes, and mRNA come together to make a protein

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2
Q

In transcription, a strand of DNA will be

A

a template strand for RNA

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3
Q

Transcription occurs in the

A

nucleus

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4
Q

Every person’s DNA is

A

unique (makes you you)

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5
Q

But we all have the

A

universal code for DNA

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6
Q

We leave a trail of DNA behind us

A

throughout our daily activities

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7
Q

DNA can

A

identify an individual

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8
Q

DNA is found in

A

almost every cell in our body

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9
Q

DNA contains instructions for

A

function of our cells
- including making proteins

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10
Q

DNA can

A

solve crimes
paternity suits
gene editing- could cure genetic disorders

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11
Q

Double Helix of DNA

A

2 Deoxyribose sugar-phosphate backbones

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12
Q

Nucleotide

A

unit of DNA molecule: phosphate, sugar, nitrogen-containing base

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13
Q

Base Pairs

A

connected with hydrogen bond

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14
Q

DNA is the universal code for all life on earth

A

the difference is how they’re expressed and their pairing

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15
Q

Genome

A

An organism’s complete set of DNA

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16
Q

Chromosome

A

1 or more unique pieces of DNA
Pairs of Maternal and Paternal chromosomes
23 pairs or 46 total in humans

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17
Q

Gene

A

a specific sequence of DNA (3,000 base pairs long)
has a specific region on the chromosome

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18
Q

Locus

A

position of a gene on a chromosome
- important for genetic disorders

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19
Q

Alleles

A

different versions of a gene that code for the same feature
gene: color of flowers
allele: the various colors

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20
Q

Trait

A

any single characteristic or feature of an organism

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21
Q

Not all DNA contains instructions for making proteins

A

more DNA doesn’t mean an organism is more complex
Humans have less DNA than Amoeba
- how much of that DNA is used and what it’s used for

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22
Q

Junk DNA

A

DNA not used for the making of proteins

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23
Q

2% of DNA used for

A

the making of proteins

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24
Q

Bacteria and viruses genes make up

A

90% or more of DNA

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25
Eukaryotes (except yeasts) have a large amount of
non-coding DNA
26
Introns
non-coding regions within genes
27
Genotype
the genes that an organism carries for a particular trait
28
Phenotype
the physical manifestation of the genes for a particular trait -physical trait
29
All of your cells have the same DNA How they differ is...
specific cells have specific genes work; turned on other genes are turned off
30
Transcription
info coded in DNA is copied into mRNA
31
Translation
use info to make protein
32
Transcription Steps
1. Recognize and Bind 2. Transcribe 3. Terminate 4. Cap and Edit Unwind and Rewind
33
1. Recognize and Bind
RNA polymerase enzyme recognizes a promoter site and binds to one strand of DNA and begins reading the gene's message- how genes get expressed
34
2. Transcribe
As DNA strand is processed through RNA polymerase, RNA polymerase builds a single-stranded RNA copy of the gene; called mRNA transcript
35
3. Terminate
When RNA polymerase encounters a code signaling the end of a gene, it stops transcription and releases the mRNA transcript
36
4. Cap and Edit
in eukaryotes, mRNA receive extra processing before translated into protein A cap and tail often added for protection and promote recognition, non-coding sections are removed
37
Unwind and Rewind
during transcription RNA polymerase moves down strand of DNA, helix unwinds so DNA can be read DNA already transcribed winds back up into double helix
38
Mutation
an alteration to the sequence of bases in DNA - may be detrimental or very rarely beneficial neutral= no + or - effect on organism
39
Mutations are essential to
evolution - species wouldn't evolve without mutations
40
Mutations either occur in
your body cells or your sex cells: sperm or egg cells
41
Mutations in Non-Sex cells
bad health consequences in person carrying them not passed to offspring
42
Mutations in Sex cells
no adverse health effects on individual carrying them can be passed to offspring
43
2 types of changes in DNA
Point Mutation- specific nucleotide(s) altered Chromosomal Aberrations- whole section of chromosome altered
44
3 types of Point Mutation
1. Substitution 2. Insertion 3. Deletion
45
Substitution
substitute 1 nucleotide for another - not as terrible as others, may not be affected
46
Insertion
insert another nucleotide, shifts DNA sequence
47
Deletion
remove nucleotide, shifts DNA sequence
48
3 types of Chromosomal Aberrations
1. Gene Deletion 2. Gene Relocation 3. Gene Duplication
49
1. Gene Deletion
delete entire section of chromosome
50
Gene Relocation
section removed and attached to a different chromosome
51
Chief Causes of Mutations
Spontaneous Mutation- arises by accident during DNA replication Environmental Factors - Radiation-induced mutations-> ex: x-rays - Chemical-induced mutations-> ex: smoking
52
Biotechnology
organisms, cells, and their molecules are modified to achieve practical benefits
53
Biotech: Agriculture
-pest and disease resistance - increased crop yields - reduced costs - some reduced pesticide use
54
Biotech: Human Health
-some success treating diseases - more efficient/ effective medicine production -> less demand= higher cost - improvements in diagnosing and screening for genetic diseases
55
Biotech: Forensic Science
- advances in capabilities of law enforcement to catch criminals - improvements/ reforms in criminal justice system
56
Ethical issues of biotech
Environmental Issues Side Effects
57
Biotech Application Steps
1. Chop gene 2. Amplify gene 3. Insert gene 4. Grow gene
58
1. Chop gene
isolating a gene of interest using restriction enzymes; do the cutting
59
2. Amplify gene
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)- machine tech - make copies of gene
60
3. Insert gene
using plasmids to transfer DNA from 1 organism to another plasmids- circular pieces of DNA from bacteria
61
4. Grow gene
creating a gene library
62
Ex of Biotech Application: Insulin
Isolate insulin gene cut it out make copies using PCR put into bacterial DNA: insertion, allows it to be expressed bacteria grows the DNA to produce gene library and make insulin
63
CRISPER
system for editing DNA with a great deal of precision and efficiency - enables researchers to modify almost any gene in any organism - naturally occurs in almost half of all bacteria as a mechanism for recording encounters with viral DNA and using that info to protect against future infections - acts like bacteria
64
Issues of CRISPER
legal battle over ownership and rights to CRISPER tech and who will profit ethical: editing embryos and germline cells: sperm and egg cells unpredictable or unintended consequences of gene manipulation

Biology (4 decks)

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