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Bio Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

T/F- Cells are all the same size

A

True

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2
Q

Who first described cells and what year was it?

A

Robert Hooke and 1665

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3
Q

Define the term- all living things are composed of cells and all cells come from other cells

A

Cell Theory

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4
Q

What are the 2 factors that determine the quality of microcopy?

A

Magnification and Resolving Power

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5
Q

Which microscope can view living or dead specimens?

A

Light Micrograph

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6
Q

Which microscope can only view surface features; specimens must be killed?

A

Scanning Electron Micrograph

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7
Q

Which microscope can view internal structures ; specimens must be killed

A

Transmission Electron Micrograph

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8
Q

What are the two cell categories?

A

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

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9
Q

What 2 domains make up prokaryotic cells?

A

Bacteria and Archae

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10
Q

What 3 domains make up eukaryotic cells?

A

Plantae, Animalia, and fungi

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11
Q

What difference makes eukaryotic cells truly living?

A

They have a true complex nucleus

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12
Q

What 4 features are common to all cells?

A

All cells have a plasma membrane: phospholipid bilayer- selective barrie
All cells have a cytosol, or cytoplasm: the area within the membrane not including organelles
All cells have at least one chromosome in the nucleus- containing DNA
All cells have ribosomes- sites of protein synthesis

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13
Q

What are the membranes of cells composed of?

A

Lipids (phospholipids) and proteins

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14
Q

Define the term- which structure separates the living cell from its nonliving surroundings

A

Plasma Membrane

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15
Q

When membrane phospholipids and proteins drift about in the plane of the membrane this behavior is known as?

A

Fluid Mosiac

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16
Q

What does the cell wall do?

A

Protect the cells
maintain their shape
keep cells from absorbing too much water

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17
Q

The nucleus is border by a double membrane called what?

A

Nuclear Envelope

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18
Q

Where are ribosomes produced?

A

The nucleus

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19
Q

What in the envelope allows materials to move between the nucleus and cytoplasm?

A

Pores

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20
Q

What are ribosomes responsible for?

A

Protein synthesis

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21
Q

DNA → Synthesis of mRNA in the nucleus→ Movement of RNA into cytoplasm via nuclear pore→ Synthesis of the protein in the cytoplasm

A

just remember

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22
Q

What is being described?
Lack ribosomes
produces lipids including steroids
home to enzymes that detoxify foreign molecules

A

Smooth ER

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23
Q

What is being described?
includes the modification of membrane proteins
secretory proteins
and the production of new membranes

A

Rough ER

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24
Q

What is being described?
Works in partnership with the ER
Refines, stores, and distributes the chemical products of a cell

A

Golgi Apparatus

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25
A sac of digestive enzymes found in animal cells is
Lysosome
26
The enzymes in lysosome can break down large molecules such as:
Proteins Polysaccharides Fats Nucleic Acids
27
Vacuoles are membrane sacs and there main job is to?
storage
28
The Nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Vacuoles, and Plasma membrane are interconnected through what system?
Endomembrane
29
What are the organelles that perform photosynthesis?
Chloroplasts
30
Chloroplasts have 3 major components. What are they?
The space between the two membranes The stroma, a thick fluid within chloroplast The space within grana, the structures that trap light energy and convert it to chemical energy
31
Define the term- a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm which provides: Mechanical support to the cell Maintains its shape
Cytoskeleton
32
What propels the cell in a whip like motion ; long projections that propel them through their liquid environment?
Flagella
33
What moves in a coordinated back-and-forth motion in the cell?
Cilia
34
What is the difference between a plant and animal cell?
1-Animalia is surrounded by a plasma membrane while the plants plasma membrane is surrounded by a cell wall giving it more of a defined shape 2- Plantae cells have chloroplast which allows the process photosynthesis 3- Strictly in Plant cells is a central vacuole Central vacuoles are storage units for the cell
35
What is the cell wall made from?
Cellulose which is a carbohydrate, monosaccharide
36
What are the similarities between the cells?
Nucleus Mitochondria Ribosomes
37
How does a cell illustrate the theme of interactions?
It is a living unit that is greater than the sum of its parts.
38
The plasma membrane and other membranes of the cell are composed mostly of
Phospholipids
39
a molecule that is apart of the inner bilayer of biological membranes , having aa hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail is known as?
Phospholipid
40
Each phospholipid is composed of two distinct regions—a “head” with a negatively charged phosphate group and two nonpolar fatty acid “tails.” This is known as?
Phospholipid Bilayer
41
Define the term- the meshwork that surrounds animal cells, consisting of a web of protein and polysaccharide fibers embedded in a liquid, jelly, or solid
Extracellular Matrix
42
Within the nucleus, long DNA molecules and associated proteins form fibers called
Chromatin
43
How is the nucleoid region of a prokaryotic cell different from the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell
There is no membrane enclosing the prokaryotic nucleoid region.
43
How is the nucleoid region of a prokaryotic cell different from the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell
There is no membrane enclosing the prokaryotic nucleoid region.
44
Name three structures in plant cells that animal cells lack
Chloroplasts, a central vacuole, and a cell wall.
44
Name three structures in plant cells that animal cells lack
Chloroplasts, a central vacuole, and a cell wall.
45
Why do phospholipids spontaneously form into a bilayer when placed in water?
The bilayer structure shields the hydrophobic tails of the phospholipids from water while exposing the hydrophilic heads to water.
46
What is the relationship between chromosomes, chromatin, and DNA?
Chromosomes are made of chromatin, which is a combination of DNA and proteins.
47
What is the role of mRNA in making a protein?
A molecule of mRNA carries the genetic message from a gene (DNA) to ribosomes that translate it into protein.
48
DNA is located in the___, and its message reaches the ribosome via the____.
Nucleus ; nuclear pores
49
Ribosomes "dock" with rough endoplasmic reticulum to produce___.
Proteins that will be exported from the cell
50
What is found in bacteria, plant, and animal cells?
Cell Membrane
51
What is the building site of cellular proteins?
Ribosomes
52
T/F- Bacteria can have cilia but not flagella.
False, Bacteria can have flagella NOT cilia
53
What is the structural difference between rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth ER?
Rough ER has ribosomes, but smooth ER does not.
54
What is the site for lipid synthesis?
Smooth ER
55
__ and __ can reproduce themselves. They have their own DNA that evolved from prokaryotes.
Chloroplasts and mitochondria
56
List the structures involved in protein synthesis and release in the correct order.
Nucleus, mRNA, and ribosome
57
The fluid mosiac model is ultimately the best depiction of the cell membrane because____.
it shows that the phospholipids and proteins within their layers are able to move
58
T/F- The cytoplasm is similar in size and function in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
False
59
What organelle is the recycling center of the cell?
Lysosome
60
What action needs to occur when bilipid structures from with the hydrophilic heads pointing outward and the hydrophobic tails pointing inwards
if phospholipids are dropped in water
61
What organelle would be especially abundant in the pancreatic cells that produce digestive enzymes that function in the small intestine?
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
62
Which organelle would you think secrete a lot of material?
Golgi Apparatus
63
Mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar in that they both __________; they are different in that chloroplasts, but not mitochondria, __________.
have an inner and outer membrane ; carry out photosynthesis
64
Taxol is a drug that can kill rapidly dividing cells. When Taxol is added, cells are unable to complete cell division. Taxol most likely affects the function of __________.
Microtubules
65
What is the most likely pathway to be taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by a cell?
ER- Golgi- vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane

Bio 1 (4 decks)

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