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O Level Bio > Bio Chapter 5 - Nutrition In Humans > Flashcards

Bio Chapter 5 - Nutrition In Humans Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 stages of nutrition

A

Ingestion - digestion - absorption - egestion - assimilation

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2
Q

What is nutrition?

A

The process by which organisms obtain food and energy for growth repair and maintenance of the body

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3
Q

Name the main parts of the digestive system in order

A

Mouth - oesophagus - stomach - small intestine - large intestine - rectum - anus

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4
Q

What is being digested in the mouth?

A

Carbohydrates

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5
Q

What nutritional process occurs in the mouth

A

Ingestion and digestion

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6
Q

What is the optimum pH for salivary amylase

A

7

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7
Q

What does the teeth do?

A

Breaks larger pieces of food into smaller pieces. This increases surface area of food so that enzymes can work more efficiently.

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8
Q

What do the salivary glands do in the mouth?

A

Secretes saliva into the mouth

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9
Q

What does the tongue do?

A

Helps in mixing food with saliva. Moves food to the back of the mouth during swallowing

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10
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Rhythmic wave-like contractions of the walls of the gut are caused by alternate contractions of the longitudinal muscles and circular muscles in the wall of the oesophagus
Helps to push food along the gut

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11
Q

Is there any digestion that occurs in the oesophagus?

A

No

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12
Q

What is being digested in the stomach?

A

Proteins into polypeptides

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13
Q

What are inside gastric pits?

A

Gastric glands

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14
Q

What do gastric glands do?

A

Secrete gastric juice containing hydrochloric acid at pH 2 which is the optimum pH for protease.

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15
Q

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum jejunum ileum

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16
Q

What is the duodenum?

A

The lining of the small intestine contains glands that secrete digestive enzymes such as maltase, lipase, and intestinal protease

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17
Q

What is the ileum

A

Inner surface of ileum is folded extensively and has multiple finger-like projections called villi
These villi increase the rate of absirotiob of digested food particles, mineral salts, and most of the water in the bloodstream.

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18
Q

What are the three parts of the large intestine

A

Colon rectum anus

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19
Q

What does the colon do

A

Absorbs 90% of the remaining water and mineral salts from the undigested food until it reaches the rectum

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20
Q

What process of nutrition occurs in the stomach

A

Digestion

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21
Q

What process of nutrition happens in the small intestine

A

Absorption and digestion

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22
Q

What process of nutrition occurs in the large intestine

A

Egestion and absorption

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23
Q

What does the rectum do

A

Temporary storage of undigested food materials as faeces

24
Q

What does the anus do

A

Faeces expelled through the anus

25
Q

What process of nutrition occurs in the liver

A

Assimilation

26
Q

What are the five parts of the liver

A

Hepatic vein
Hepatic portal vein
Hepatic artery
Bile duct
Gallbladder

27
Q

What does the hepatic vein do

A

Carries deoxygenated blood away from the liver

28
Q

What does the hepatic portal vein do

A

Carries blood containing absorbed nutrients from the small intestine to large intestine

29
Q

What does the hepatic artery do

A

Carries oxygenated blood to liver

30
Q

What does bile do

A

Aids in the physical digestion of fats
Bile will be produced in the liver and then stored in the liver
Then transported to the duodenum

31
Q

What does the gallbladder do

A

A temporary store of bile

32
Q

What does the pancreas secrete?

A

Hormones and digestive enzymes such as lipase protease and pancreatic amylase

33
Q

What hormones are secreted in the pancreas and what do they do?

A

Insulin and glucagon which play an important role in the control of blood sugar concentration in the body

34
Q

What is ingestion

A

Food taken into the body

35
Q

What is digestion

A

Large food molecules are broken down into smaller soluble molecules that can be absorbed by the body

36
Q

What is absorption

A

Nutrients are moved from the intestines to the bloodstream

37
Q

What is egestion?

A

Undigested matter being removed from the body

38
Q

What is assimilation

A

Nutrients are used by cells for the maintenance of the body

39
Q

What is the purpose? of physical digestion

A

Increases surface area to volume ratio of food and increases the efficiency of chemical digestion
Releases nutrients from food during chewing

40
Q

What is the purpose of chemical digestion

A

Breaks down insoluble food particles into small food particles for easier absorption

41
Q

What is the process of digestion in the mouth - 5 steps

A

Undigested food stimulates the salivary glands to secrete saliva
Saliva is mixed with food to soften it
Tongue rolls food into small food boli
Boli is swallowed into the oesophagus via the pharynx
The oesophagus pushes each bolus down to the stomach

42
Q

What physical digestion occurs in the mouth

A

Teeth chew food into small pieces

43
Q

What chemical digestion occurs in the mouth

A

Starch - salivary amylase -> maltose

44
Q

What does hydrochloric acid do in the stomach

A

Denatures salivary amylase present in food boli
Kills certain potentially harmful microorganisms in food

45
Q

What does mucus do in the stomach

A

Protects stomach from getting digested by produced enzymes.
Moistens food to allow easy movement within the stomach
The liquefied food firms chyme that is transported to the duodenum

46
Q

What is the chemical digestion that occurs in stomach

A

Protein - protease -> polypeptide

47
Q

What is the physical digestion that occurs in the stomach

A

Stomach churns and breaks food into chyme

48
Q

What are the processes in the small intestine

A

Secretion of pancreatic juice containing enzymes amylase, protease, and lipase from the pancreatic duct to the duodenum

Gall bladder releases bile from the bile duct to the duodenum
Epithelial cells in the small intestine secrete Maltese, lipase, and proteins

Food comes into contact with pancreatic juice, bile, and intestinal amylase all at once
Pancreatic juice neutralizes the acidic chyme

49
Q

Where do carbs start digesting and what happens there?

A

Digestion begins in the mouth
A small amount of starch digested as food remains on the mouth for a short time

50
Q

Is there digestion of carbs in the stomach?

A

No, no carbohydrases

51
Q

What happens to carbs in the small intestine?

A

Fully digested into simple sugars
Starch -intestinal amylase -> maltose - maltase -> glucose

52
Q

What happens to proteins in the stomach?

A

Stomach protease digests proteins into polypeptides

53
Q

What happens to proteins in the small intestine

A

Digested by intestinal protease into polypeptides then further digested into amino acids
protein - protease -> polypeptides -> amino acids

54
Q

What happens to fats in the duodenum?

A

Bile produced by the liver is released into the duodenum
Bile salts emulsify fats by reducing the attractive forces between fat molecules
fats - lipase -> fatty acids + glycerol

55
Q

What is emulsification

A

Large fat molecules physically digested into tiny fat droplets

O Level Bio (6 decks)

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